Direct spinning of the graphene oxide (GO) dispersions from a moveable spinneret along the programmed track, i.e., a "programmable writing" technique, was developed to make nonwoven, nonknitted, graphene-based networks with excellent mechanical properties. The resulting GO networks can be successfully converted into reduced GO (RGO) ones with better mechanical properties as well as excellent electrical conductivity via thermal/chemical reduction. In situ welded junctions formed during processing of the spun fibers have made the resulting networks with the integral structure, and outstanding mechanical properties and high electrical conductivities of the spun fibers and their web integrations have provided a great opportunity to remotely sense the external mechanical stimuli via electrical signal monitoring.

A zinc oxide (ZnO)/expanded graphite (EG) composite was successfully synthesized by using atomic layer deposition with dimethyl zinc as the zinc source and deionized water as the oxidant source. In the composite structure, EG provides a conductive channel and mechanical support to ZnO nanomembranes, which effectively avoids the electrode pulverization caused by the volume change of ZnO. The anodes made from the flexible composite films without using binder, conductive agent, and current collector show high stable capacities especially for that with a moderate ZnO concentration. The highest capacity stayed at 438 mAh g at a current rate of 200 mA g after 500 cycles. The good performance is considered to be due to the co-effects of the high capacity of ZnO and the support of the EG framework. Such composite structures may have great potential in low-cost and flexible batteries.

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Sulfonated graphenal polymers can be assembled up by poly(vinyl alcohol) adhesion. The porous assembly structure results in a remarkably improved ionic conductivity and thus enhances electrochemical performances such as specific capacitance, capacitance retention, and cycling stability.