Based on the driver's individual difference of the driver's perception ability, we in this paper develop a new fundamental diagram with the driver's perceived error and speed deviation difference. The analytical and numerical results show that the speeddensity and flow-density data are divided into three prominent regions. In the first region, the speeddensity and flow-density data are scattered around the equilibrium speed-density and flow-density curves of the classical fundamental diagram theory, where the widths of these scattered data are very narrow and slightly increase with the real density (i.e., the scattered data appear as two thicker lines); the running speed is approximately equal to the free flow speed and the real flow approximately linearly increases with the real density. In the second region, the speeddensity and flow-density data are scattered widely in a two-dimensional region, but the shapes of these widely scattered data are related to the properties of T. Tang ( ) ·

Background Delirium was characterized with a series of symptoms of a sudden onset of disturbances in attention, a loss in memory loss and defects in other cognitive abilities that were also appeared in the syndrome of anxiety. Even though there are overlapped clinical symptoms existed in anxiety and delirium, the relationship between anxiety and delirium was still unclear. The propose of this study was to investigated the effect of preoperative anxiety on postoperative delirium. Methods Three hundred and seventy-two adults undergoing total hip arthroplasty were enrolled from October 2019 to May 2020 in the study. The preoperative anxiety was measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A). The participants were allocated into anxiety group (HADS-A≧7) and non-anxiety group (HADS-A < 7). The primary outcome was the incidence of the postoperative delirium assessed with the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). The secondary outcomes were the duration and the severity of delirium evaluated with the Memorial Delirium assessment Scale (MDAS). The risks of delirium were also evaluated with logistic regression analysis. Results There were 325 patients enrolled in the end, 95 of whom met the criteria for anxiety. The incidence of delirium was 17.8% in all participants. The patients with anxiety had a higher incidence of delirium than the non-anxiety patients (25.3% vs. 14.8%, odds ratio (OR) = 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92–0.29, p = 0.025). However, no significant differences were found in the duration and the severity of the delirium between the above two groups. The age, alcohol abuse, history of stroke, scores of the HADS-A, and education level were considered to be predictors of delirium. Conclusions The preoperative anxiety predicted the incidence of the postoperative delirium in total hip arthroplasty patients. The related intervention may be a good point for delirium prophylaxis. Trial registration It was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org.cn) with the name of “the effect of preoperative anxiety on the postoperative cognitive function” (ChiCTR1900026054) at September 19, 2019.

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Based on the effects of driving resistance on car movement, we develop a new car-following model. The simulation results show that our model can describe the kinetic property of each car during the processes of starting and braking, however the braking process will be postponed and a prominent wavefront will appear during the braking process. With the increase in driving resistance, a car's movement will become more stable during the whole process, the headway of each car will increase and the wavefront will become more prominent. In addition, our model can reproduce the evolution of a small perturbation.

Background. Comparing the effect of two different κ-receptor agonists, nalbuphine and oxycodone, and regular morphine in patients for prophylactic analgesia of acute pain after daytime laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods. One hundred and twenty-four patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly allocated to receive nalbuphine (group N), oxycodone (group O), and morphine (group M). The three groups were all given intravenous injection (iv.) of 0.15 mg/kg injection before incision and 0.05 mg/kg injection at the end of pneumoperitoneum. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores (incision, visceral, and shoulder) and Ramsay sedation scores at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours after surgery, the time of extubation, the incidence of postoperative adverse events, the satisfaction of pain treatment, and the duration of stay after surgery were all recorded. Results. Compared with group M, the VAS scores of visceral pain at rest decreased in group N and group O at 1-8 h after surgery ( P < 0.05 ). The VAS scores of visceral pain at movement in group N decreased longer than those in group O ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with that of group M, the postoperative time in Ramsay sedation score of group O increased longer than that of group N ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with group N, patients had worse sleep quality in group O, longer length of stay in group M, and lower satisfaction in both groups. Conclusion. Compared with morphine, prophylactic use of the κ-receptor agonists, nalbuphine and oxycodone, during laparoscopic cholecystectomy can reduce postoperative visceral pain. Furthermore, the nalbuphine group had fewer adverse reactions, better analgesia, and better satisfaction.