To reveal the impact mechanism of low-speed vehicles (LSVs) on expressway traffic safety, this paper uses the polynomial fitting method to establish evolution models of traffic density and average speed at different LSV speeds in order to explore the queuing and dissipation characteristics of vehicles affected by LSVs and investigate the impact range of LSVs on expressways. Based on the findings above, this paper builds a Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM)-based model to quantify driving safety and further explore the differences in vehicle conflicts when an LSV moves in different lanes at the same speed. The simulation experiment is conducted based on the field data from the Inner Ring North Road located along the Nanjing Inner Ring High Speed Road. The results show that the evolutionary features of lane traffic density and average speed under different LSV speeds satisfy the octuple polynomial law, reflecting the spatial heterogeneity of vehicle distribution at different LSV driving speeds. Meanwhile, LSVs with different speeds produced the most significant negative impact on the roadway within 400 m of the expressway entrance. The lower the speed of the LSV, the more significant the adverse effect. In addition, this paper finds that when an LSV travels in different lanes at the same speed, the inner, middle, and outer lanes have the highest number of total conflicts, rear-end conflicts, and lane-change conflicts, respectively. Meanwhile, vehicles in the outer lane are the most significantly affected by LSVs, while vehicles in the middle lane are the least affected with the highest traffic efficiency. Additionally, the Maximum Speed (MaxS) and Difference in Vehicle Speed (DeltaS) for the middle lane are 47.9% and 60.5% higher than the outer lane, respectively. Nevertheless, based on the Probability of Unsuccessful Evasive Actions, i.e., P(UEA), vehicles in the middle lane have the highest probability of potential traffic conflicts. The methods used in this paper will have positive implications for establishing autonomous vehicle risk avoidance systems which can improve the safety levels of expressways.

The left hard shoulder plays an important role in the event of an emergency on the inside of a multi-lane highway, but past studies have not been able to clarify the criteria for its installation or quantify the safety impact of its installation on the left side. In order to study the influence of the left hard shoulder on the safety of vehicles traveling on multi-lane highways, based on past studies that only studied the situation of four-lane highways, this paper firstly constructs a multi-lane highway simulation model under different numbers of lanes based on the VISSIM traffic simulation and uses Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) to study the conflict characteristics of multi-lane highway vehicles under different numbers of lanes. Based on the above findings, this paper introduces the Safety Performance Function (SPF) to construct a multi-lane freeway accident prediction model, calibrates the model by adding the indexes affected by the left side hard shoulder to the basic prediction mode, and uses the historical accident data of the Badou-Shihu section of the Guangdong Northern Second Ring Highway as the basis to study the differences in accident rates of the investigated section before and after setting the left hard shoulder. The study showed that the average Time to Collision (TTC) increased by 57.2%, Maximum Deceleration (MaxD) increased by 19.2%, and Delta Speed (DeltaS) increased by 15.3% after setting hard shoulders on the left side of multi-lane freeways, and traffic conflicts on multi-lane freeways were significantly reduced, and safety was improved considerably. In addition, the rear-end conflict rate decreased by 0.17%, 0.75%, and 4.6% after setting hard shoulders on the left side of one-way three, four, and five lanes, respectively, indicating that hard shoulders on the left side are the most effective in improving the safety of one-way five-lane freeways. The accident prediction results show that within the reasonable setting range of the left hard shoulder width (0~4 m), the accident rate decreases by about 1.5% for every 0.5 m increase if only the influence of the left hard shoulder width is considered. Without considering other factors, increasing the width of the hard shoulder on the left side can reduce the number of accidents. This indicates a significant safety improvement for a one-way five-lane highway after setting the hard shoulder on the left side, and the conclusion is consistent with the simulation results. In this paper, based on past research, the research object is extended to one-way three-, four-, and five-lane highways. The findings of this paper can help the road authorities develop specifications for installing hard shoulders on the left side of multi-lane freeways and adopt strategies to improve the traffic safety level of multi-lane freeways. In addition, the models and methods used in this paper can also help build a framework for future intelligent networked vehicle avoidance systems and promote the development of intelligent networked technologies.

Under the overall strategic guidance of emission peaks and carbon neutrality, an increasing number of cities are focusing on sustainable transportation development as an important measure for sustainable transportation development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) can guide residents to green trip options and reduce the dependence on private cars. Many cities have qualitatively reduced the parking allocation index of office buildings around rail stations, and quantitative research on the influence area and degree of TOD is lacking. This paper selects office buildings in the rail transit station influence area as the research object, puts forward the TOD measurement method of rail transit stations based on the improved “Node-Place” model, and clusters the stations under different measurement indices by the K-means algorithm. For different types of stations, the multinomial logit (MNL) model is used to build different types of trip mode split models to put forward the reduction calculation method of the parking allocation index of office buildings in the rail transit station influence area. Finally, this paper applies the revision of Nanjing’s allocation index in 2019, and the TOD measurement is identified through the “Node-Place-Connection” model. The optimized calculation method of the parking allocation index for office buildings is proposed. The results indicate that the method can reduce parking allocations to encourage the use of green transportation and guide the construction of urban sustainable transportation systems.

In order to alleviate the influence of low-speed vehicles on tunnel safety, this paper discusses the setting method of variable lane boundaries in urban tunnels. VISSIM simulation software is used to analyze the influence of low-speed vehicles on tunnel traffic flow when lane changes are allowed and when lane changes are prohibited. The results show that the influence of low-speed vehicles on the average speed of traffic flow in urban tunnels is the greatest, and the influence of low-speed vehicles on the average speed of traffic flow can be significantly alleviated when lane changes are allowed in the lane dividing line. When the speed of low-speed vehicles is 40 km/h and the variable lane is set, the average delay time is reduced by 30–50%. The existence of low-speed vehicles significantly increased the average delay time of the local lane, and the lower the vehicle speed and the greater the road traffic volume, the longer the average delay time. When the speed of low-speed vehicles is 40 km/h and the traffic volume is 1200 pcu/h, the traffic density of the right-hand lane decreases by 43.5% after the variable lane is set. While lane changing is prohibited, the presence of low-speed vehicles causes a backlog of vehicles in the rear of the lane, which leads to a significant increase in traffic density. Setting lane-changing permits can alleviate the impact of low-speed vehicles on traffic flow. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the operation and management of urban tunnels.