This study examined the impact of private domestic investment on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria from 1970 to 2017. The study specifically looked at the impact of private domestic investment on manufacturing sector's output in a static and dynamic model. Six variables were employed in the study and were sourced from CBN statistical bulletin and World Development Indicators for the period covering from 1970 to 2017. The analysis of the variables undergoes three approaches, the pre-analysis of data, model estimation and the diagnostic analysis of the model. The first approach employed tables and graphs to explain the behaviour of the data, equally the univariate analysis of the data were examine with the Augmented Dickey-Fuller equations and the possibility of long-term relationship. The models were estimated with the ARDL estimator and model selected with the Akaike Information Criteria, and finally the models estimated were tested using the Jaque-Bera statistics, Ramsey RESET Test, Breusch-Godfrey and Harvey test for residual normality, specification bias, autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity respectively. The results from the analytical methods shows that there is over 82 percent increase in the output of Manufacturing sector in the late 1970s and early 1980s and over 98 percent increase the output of the manufacturing sector in the late within 2010 and 2015. Also, the study observed that the responses of output of the manufacturing sector to private domestic investment are positive and significant in the static and dynamic models. The study found that the impact of private domestic investment on manufacturing sector output were fairly elastic in the static model and fairly inelastic in the dynamic model. Finally, the study found that the model have a weak adjustment mechanism. The adjustment of disequilibrium between static and dynamic equilibrium is weak or just 24.9 percent. Since private domestic investment is significant and positively impacted on the performance of the manufacturing sector irrespective of the time zone, the study recommended for increase in the credit to private sector by the apex monetary authority.

This paper aims to provide a healthy review of literature on the global imperativeness of the term global finance and competitiveness to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We employed a content analysis method to significantly explore the impact of global finance on financing for sustainable development (FSD) through competitiveness. What are the lessons for ELDCs? From the reviewed literature, we observe that global financing causes a dual impact on competitiveness through the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) effects. The study found that global FSD on the informal sector, social and environmental factors, as well as human development, is unarguably silent. Also, there is the multiplicity of function in the global financing mix. From the literature reviewed, we observed a positive link between SDGs, global finance, and competitiveness. SDGs differ across countries because the financing approach on competitiveness differs across countries. Thus, to achieve SDGs in ELDCs, global responses should be developed around improving internal and external competitiveness. These two types of competitiveness would be encompassing. Global financing should be directed to exploring economic, social, and environmental quality in internal and external competitiveness in ELDCs. This classification would deepen the World Economic Forum (WEF) GCI 4.0 based on innovative, efficiency and factors element. Thus inclusive growth and sustainable development could be strengthened through the application of internal and external competitiveness policies that would holistically upgrade the industrial and manufacturing competitiveness frontiers and gains from the global market share frontiers to accelerate SDGs in ELDCs.

Does foreign direct investment (FDI) migration into Nigeria and Sierra Leone generate a climate change scare (CCS) based on the pollution haven-halo hypothesis? The quasi-experimental design study utilized data from the world development indicator, 1970-2019 using a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model to estimate the dynamic impact of FDI migration on CO2 emissions (a proxy for CCS). The study found that the change in FDI migration in Sierra Leone causes upward CO2 emissions. The positive impact of FDI migration on CO2 emission implies that the pollution haven hypothesis exists in Sierra Leone. Comparatively, dynamic FDI migration into Nigeria caused a mixed impact on CO2 emissions. The result found that an increase in FDI migration caused a decrease in CO2 emissions in Nigeria. Similarly, a decrease in FDI migration caused an increase in CO2 emissions. Also, the Wald F-test suggests a long-run asymmetry and symmetry between FDI and CO2 emissions in Sierra Leone and Nigeria, respectively. Hence, there is the presence of a pollution halo-haven issue in Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommends that green FDI financing that supports environment-friendly technology export into Nigeria and Sierra Leone that would enable optimal climate change control both in the short-and long-term. Thus, technology that efficiently improves environmental quality, preserves, and protects the ecosystem should be imported into Sierra Leone and Nigeria.

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) spillover measured by increase in FDI inflow and decrease in FDI inflow on the size of trade growth proxy by trade (% GDP) in Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone from 1970 to 2017. The study employed Non-linear ARDL framework. The result showed that increase in FDI inflow is necessary to cause trade growth in Sierra Leone in the long-run, and is not an effective source of capital flow in trade growth in Gambia, Ghana, and Nigeria. Also, decrease in FDI inflow generated a decline in the long-run trade size growth in Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and positive impact on trade size growth in Sierra Leone. Thus, FDI spillover effects vary from country to country in selected West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) country. There should be serious FDI inflow based corporate governance mechanisms that will coordinate the effective utilization and deployment of FDI inflows to core areas of economic need. FDI inflow should be meant to find those sectors that can optimally use it to enhance productivity.

This paper investigates the pairwise causality and co-integration that links fossil fuel consumption (FFC), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and real gross domestic product (RGDP) between low-income countries (LIC) and highincome countries (HIC). This comparative analysis is anchored on Lv et al. (2019). Lv et al. (2019 enable the analytical framework model utilized to investigate the causality between FFC and CO2, CO2 and RGDP, and FFC and RGDP in HIC and LIC. Data were obtained from world development indicator between 1960 and 2019. The results obtained are, as follows: There exists a unidirectional causality, thus the RGDP granger causes CO2 in HIC, and no causality between RGDP and CO2 in LIC. Also, the study found no causality between FFC and RGDP, and FFC and CO2 in HIC and LIC. The mixed inter-regional causality result showed that there exists bi-directional causality between RGDP and CO2 for HIC and LIC. This implies that RGDP in LIC granger causes CO2 in HIC, and CO2 in HIC granger causes RGDP in LIC. Hence, the presence of a regional super-wicked problem. Also, CO2 in HIC granger causes FFC in LIC. The result suggests that countries should seamlessly adopt proportionate mitigation and adaptation policies to reduce the pollution transmission between economies. The non-existence of pairwise co-integration between FFC, CO2, and RGDP in HIC and LIC connotes that the CO2 reduction policy should be a short-term public policy strategy with conscious and deliberate targeting to avoid long-run growth reversal. Therefore, this paper concludes that reducing FFC may not necessarily lead to a decline in growth vice versa. Thus, to achieve a low carbon economy and a high growth regime, the global community should adopt a techno-economic paradigm model that would accelerate growth within a low-carbon economy regime to realize the 45% carbon reduction target by 2030 and the 2050 net-zero emission target.