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Active contour model (ACM) has widely used for segmenting two-phase images. However, its performance may not be satisfactory for some color texture images when their features cannot be effectively extracted. To alleviate this problem, in this paper, a novel neutrosophic set transformation matrix factorization-based active contour (NSTMF-AC) approach is proposed for color texture segmentation. The proposed NSTMF-AC is an effective and robust color texture segmentation method. Particularly, to effectively capture a wide range of texture information, the proposed method extracts the features from the triple domains, including spatial, wavelet, and spectral domains, and then uses neutrosophic set (NS) transform and the corresponding operations to reduce the indeterminacy contained in the image. Furthermore, the method obtains the resulting NS transformation matrix and utilizes a factorization-based ACM to perform image segmentation. Finally, the proposed method is compared with the state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms on a variety of natural images. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed NSTMF-AC method is more robust for two-phase image segmentation than other methods. INDEX TERMS Texture segmentation, neutrosophic set, matrix factorization, active contour model.

In this paper, we propose two four-base related 2D curves of DNA primary sequences (termed as F-B curves) and their corresponding single-base related 2D curves (termed as A-related, G-related, T-related and C-related curves). The constructions of these graphical curves are based on the assignments of individual base to four different sinusoidal (or tangent) functions; then by connecting all these points on these four sinusoidal (tangent) functions, we can get the F-B curves; similarly, by connecting the points on each of the four sinusoidal (tangent) functions, we get the single-base related 2D curves. The proposed 2D curves are all strictly non degenerate. Then, a 8-component characteristic vector is constructed to compare similarity among DNA sequences from different species based on a normalized geometrical centers of the proposed curves. As examples, we examine similarity among the coding sequences of the first exon of beta-globin gene from eleven species, similarity of cDNA sequences of beta-globin gene from eight species, and similarity of the whole mitochondrial genomes of 18 eutherian mammals. The experimental results well demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

An image texture was defined in terms of pixel intensities and directionality. However, most of the current texture representation methods did not consider the two key factors simultaneously. To effectively capture the directional and pixel intensity information of texture, in this paper, we propose a novel and robust local descriptor, named locally directional and extremal pattern (LDEP), for texture classification. It extracts directional local difference count pattern (DLDCP) being made up of DLDCP in the odd positions and DLDCP in the even positions to express directional information in the local area in the first place. Furthermore, to acquire the extremum information remained by DLDCP, by concatenating extremum location pattern (ELP), extremum difference pattern (EDP), and extremum compression pattern (ECP) from the sampling points, we extract a neighbors extremum related local pattern (NERLP). The experimental results obtained from four representative texture databases (Prague, Stex, UIUC, Kth-tips2-a, Brodatz, and CUReT) demonstrate that our proposed LDEP descriptor can achieve comparable accurate classification rates in different conditions (rotation, illumination, scale variation, viewpoint variation, and noise) with ten typical texture classification methods. INDEX TERMS Directional pattern, extremal pattern, local pattern, texture representation, texture classification.