Serum 25(OH)D levels have a positive correlation with pulmonary function. This relationship appears prominent in subjects with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis.

Short-term prospective studies have suggested that pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) preludes permanent loss of lean tissue and fat mass even when TB treatment is effective. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of sarcopenia and osteoporosis among Korean male TB survivors. Data of the population-based, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2008–2011) were analyzed, including 3,228 males aged 50 years or older who underwent chest X-ray (CXR) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). TB survivors having both medical history and TB scars on CXR had increased risk of sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR] 3.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.79–6.68) and osteoporosis (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.04–2.95) after adjusting for age, height, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone level, education, and fat mass index. Having TB scars on CXR without medical history of TB was an independent risk factor of sarcopenia (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.05–4.00), but not a risk factor of osteoporosis. Sarcopenia and low bone mineral density are prevalent in pulmonary TB survivors with TB scars on CXR. Medical history of TB with TB scars on CXR is an independent risk factor for sarcopenia and osteoporosis.

The importance of adopting healthy exercise routines has been repeatedly emphasized to individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, knowledge about the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia is limited. Regular exercise reduces and delays the onset of DM-related complications particularly in individuals who already have DM. However, an excessive exercise can lead to hypoglycemia. Excessive exercise in the evening can cause hypoglycemia while sleeping. Furthermore, if individuals with DM want to have a greater amount of exercise, the exercise duration rather than intensity must be increased. In weight resistance exercises, it is beneficial to first increase the number of repetitions, followed by the number of sets and gradually the weight of resistance. When performing intermittent high-intensity training within a short time period, hypoglycemia may develop for an extended period after exercise. In addition to adjusting exercise regimens, the medication doses must be modified accordingly. Delaying exercise, adjusting the number of snacks consumed prior to exercise, reducing insulin dose before exercise, and injecting insulin into the abdomen rather than the limbs prevent exercise-induced hypoglycemia prior to a spontaneous exercise. Ultimately, with personal knowledge on how to prevent hypoglycemia, the effects of exercise can be maximized in individuals with DM, and a healthy lifestyle can prevent future complications.