INTRODUCTIONWith an increasing number of coronary angiography (CAG) procedures, coronary invasive procedures and cardiac bypass surgeries performed each day, knowledge of the variations, anomalies and anatomical pattern of coronary arteries is gaining in importance. Although many individuals have a normal coronary anatomy, variations and anomalies are not unusual, and may lead to complications during procedures. (1) There are two main coronary arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium -the left main coronary artery (LMCA) and the right coronary artery (RCA). The LMCA originates from the left sinus of Valsalva (SV), while the RCA originates from the right SV. There is typically no artery arising from the posterior SV. The LMCA bifurcates into the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the circumflex artery (CXA). An additional artery called the intermediate artery (IMA) may arise at the bifurcation of the LMCA, forming a trifurcation.The LAD artery runs in the anterior interventricular sulcus, providing the penetrating septal branches. The left CXA runs along the left atrioventricular sulcus and gives rise to at least one obtuse marginal (OM) branch, while the RCA lies in the right atrioventricular sulcus and gives rise to the acute marginal branch. The IMA, which supplies the left ventricular free wall, is located anterior to the first OM artery and posterior to the first diagonal artery. It can also originate from the proximal part of the LMCA, LAD artery or CXA. In some cases, it is not possible to distinguish between the IMA and OM artery using anatomical or angiographic examinations. However, an important point of distinction is that the left ventricular free wall is supplied by the IMA.(1-3)The artery that supplies the posterior descending artery determines coronary dominance. Approximately 70%-80% of the general population is right-dominant (i.e. supplied by the RCA), while 5%-10% is left-dominant (i.e. supplied by the CXA) and 10%-20% is co-dominant (i.e. supplied by both the RCA and CXA).(3-5) A more accurate definition of dominance refers to the arterial supply to the atrioventricular nodal artery, which is generally supplied by the RCA. (3)(4)(5) Typically, there are two coronary ostia. However, in some cases where the LMCA is absent, three ostia can be detected.In individuals with such a condition, the LAD artery and CXA originate from different ostia. Absence of the LMCA is a common anomaly that can be detected in 0.4%-8% of the population. (4,5) Coronary arteries can be anatomically categorised into three groups based on their anatomical features: normal coronary anatomy, anatomic variations of the coronary artery and coronary artery anomalies (CAAs). CAAs, which are congenital disorders in the coronary anatomy that are observed in less than 1% of the general population, are evaluated using CAG series.
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose intolerance (IGT) are predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We tested the hypothesis that epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), as markers of early atherosclerosis, are increased in patients with prediabetes. We prospectively enrolled 246 patients (162 with prediabetes and 84 controls). Prediabetes was defined according to American Diabetes Association criteria, and patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1-IFG, group 2-IGT, and group 3-IFG + IGT. Both cIMT and EFT were significantly greater in patients with prediabetes compared with controls (0.81 ± 0.20 mm vs 0.68 ± 0.16 mm, P < .001 and 7.0 ± 2.0 mm vs 5.6 ± 1.6 mm, P < .001, respectively). This difference was mainly attributed to patients with IGT. Age, waist circumference, and 2-hour glucose independently predicted cIMT, while 2-hour glucose was the only independent predictor of EFT in multivariate analysis among other relevant parameters for cIMT and EFT. The cIMT and EFT (measured noninvasively) could be useful indicators of CVD risk in these patients. In order to prove this hypothesis, long-term prospective studies with greater patient numbers are required.
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