We summarize procedures for producing 'nanoemulsions' comprised of nanoscale droplets, or 'nanoemulsions', methods for controlling the droplet size distribution and composition, and interesting physical properties of nanoemulsions.In contrast to more common microscale emulsions, nanoemulsions exhibit optical transparency at high droplet volume fractions, φ, surprisingly strong elasticity at low φ, and enhanced diffusive transport and shelf stability. For these reasons, nanoemulsions have great potential in a wide range of industries including pharmaceuticals, foods, and personal care products.

Water-in-oil-in-water emulsions are examples of double emulsions, in which dispersions of small water droplets within larger oil droplets are themselves dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase. Emulsions occur in many forms of processing and are used extensively by the foods, cosmetics and coatings industries. Because of their compartmentalized internal structure, double emulsions can provide advantages over simple oil-in-water emulsions for encapsulation, such as the ability to carry both polar and non-polar cargos, and improved control over release of therapeutic molecules. The preparation of double emulsions typically requires mixtures of surfactants for stability; the formation of double nanoemulsions, where both inner and outer droplets are under 100 nm, has not yet been achieved. Here we show that water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions can be prepared in a simple process and stabilized over many months using single-component, synthetic amphiphilic diblock copolypeptide surfactants. These surfactants even stabilize droplets subjected to extreme flow, leading to direct, mass production of robust double nanoemulsions that are amenable to nanostructured encapsulation applications in foods, cosmetics and drug delivery.

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The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine convened a panel of experts to provide an evidence-based, best practices document to assist sports medicine physicians and other members of the athletic care network with the detection, treatment and prevention of mental health issues in competitive athletes. This statement discusses how members of the sports medicine team, including team physicians, athletic trainers and mental health providers, work together in providing comprehensive psychological care to athletes. It specifically addresses psychological factors in athletes including personality issues and the psychological response to injury and illness. The statement also examines the athletic culture and environmental factors that commonly impact mental health, including sexuality and gender issues, hazing, bullying, sexual misconduct and transition from sport. Specific mental health disorders in athletes, such as eating disorders/disordered eating, depression and suicide, anxiety and stress, overtraining, sleep disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, are reviewed with a focus on detection, management, the effect on performance and prevention. This document uses the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy to grade level of evidence.

An amendment to this article, which had been requested by the author, was inadvertently omitted. On page R635, the first sentence of the abstract should read: We summarize procedures for producing `nanoemulsions' comprised of nanoscale droplets, methods for controlling the droplet size distribution and composition, and interesting physical properties of nanoemulsions. The online article has also been corrected.