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Candidiasis is a very common malady in the head neck region. This review will concentrate on intraoral, pharyngeal and perioral manifestations and treatment. A history of the origins associated with candidiasis will be introduced. In addition, oral conditions associated with candidiasis will be mentioned and considered. The various forms of oral and maxillofacial candidiasis will be reviewed to include pseudomembranous, acute, chronic, median rhomboid glossitis, perioral dermatitis, and angular cheilitis. At the end of this review the clinician will be better able to diagnose and especially treat candidal overgrowth of the oral facial region. Of particular interest to the clinician are the various treatment modalities with appropriate considerations for side effects.

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Patient exposure to bisphosphonate drugs for the management of hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteolytic lesions of metastatic cancer and osteoporosis has led to increasing reports of osteochemonecrosis of the jaws (bis-phossy jaw). This serious and debilitating condition requires dental practitioners to be alert for signs and symptoms of this syndrome. Thus far, nitrogen containing bisphosphonates have been implicated as a causative agent. While only a small fraction of patients who have taken these agents will develop osteochemonecrosis, it seems that patients who have received intravenous bisphosphonates are at greater risk than those who have taken oral agents. Tooth extractions are the most frequently reported predisposing dental procedure. While appropriate management strategies for patients with osteochemonecrosis of the jaws are evolving, we are suggesting rational preventive protocols and therapies based upon current experience and knowledge. These recommendations may change over time as the profession gains more experience in managing these patients.