Several approaches were taken to examine the role of N-assimilate supply in the control of soybean (Glycine max) seed composition. In the first study, developing seeds were grown in vitro with D-[U-14C]sucrose (Suc) and different concentrations of Gln. Light stimulated carbon flux into oil and protein, and was required to sustain Suc uptake and anabolic processes under conditions of elevated nitrogen supply. High Gln supply resulted in higher transcript levels of beta-conglycinin and oleosin. In the second study, analyses of soluble amino acid pools in two genetically related lines, NC103 and NC106 (low- and high-seed protein, respectively) showed that, in the light, NC106 accumulated higher levels of Asn and several other amino acids in developing cotyledons compared with NC103, whereas at the seed coat and apoplast levels both lines were similar. In the dark, NC103 accumulated Gln, Arg, and its precursors, suggesting a reduced availability of organic acids required for amino acid interconversions, while NC106 maintained higher levels of the pyruvate-derived amino acids Val, Leu, and Ile. Comparing NC103 and NC106, differences in seed composition were reflected in steady-state transcript levels of storage proteins and the lipogenic enzyme multi-subunit acetyl CoA carboxylase. In the third study, a positive correlation (P < or = 0.05) between free Asn in developing cotyledons and seed protein content at maturity was confirmed in a comparison of five unrelated field-grown cultivars. The findings support the hypothesis that high seed-protein content in soybean is determined by the capacity of the embryo to take up nitrogen sources and to synthesize storage proteins. Asn levels are probably tightly regulated in the embryo of high-protein lines, and may act as a metabolic signal of seed nitrogen status.

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The relationship between asparagine metabolism and protein concentration was investigated in soybean seed. Phenotyping of a population of recombinant inbred lines adapted to Illinois confirmed a positive correlation between free asparagine levels in developing seeds and protein concentration at maturity. Analysis of a second population of recombinant inbred lines adapted to Ontario associated the elevated free asparagine trait with two of four quantitative trait loci determining population variation for protein concentration, including a major one on chromosome 20 (linkage group I) which has been reported in multiple populations. In the seed coat, levels of asparagine synthetase were high at 50 mg and progressively declined until 150 mg seed weight, suggesting that nitrogenous assimilates are pre-conditioned at early developmental stages to enable a high concentration of asparagine in the embryo. The levels of asparaginase B1 showed an opposite pattern, being low at 50 mg and progressively increased until 150 mg, coinciding with an active phase of storage reserve accumulation. In a pair of genetically related cultivars, ∼2-fold higher levels of asparaginase B1 protein and activity in seed coat, were associated with high protein concentration, reflecting enhanced flux of nitrogen. Transcript expression analyses attributed this difference to a specific asparaginase gene, ASPGB1a. These results contribute to our understanding of the processes determining protein concentration in soybean seed.

The contents of sulfur amino acids in seeds of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are suboptimal for nutrition. They accumulate large amounts of a gamma-glutamyl dipeptide of S-methyl-cysteine, a nonprotein amino acid that cannot substitute for methionine or cysteine in the diet. Protein accumulation and amino acid composition were characterized in three genetically related lines integrating a progressive deficiency in major seed storage proteins, phaseolin, phytohemagglutinin, and arcelin. Nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur contents were comparable among the three lines. The contents of S-methyl-cysteine and gamma-glutamyl-S-methyl-cysteine were progressively reduced in the mutants. Sulfur was shifted predominantly to the protein cysteine pool, while total methionine was only slightly elevated. Methionine and cystine contents (mg per g protein) were increased by up to ca. 40%, to levels slightly above FAO guidelines on amino acid requirements for human nutrition. These findings may be useful to improve the nutritional quality of common bean.