This study assesses the effect on enamel formation of the use of fluoride toothpaste in a fluoridated area. The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia in 251 9-10-year-old children born and raised in a fluoridated city (Birmingham) was compared with that in 319 similar children born and raised in a non-fluoridated city (Leeds). Observer bias was eliminated by the use of a new photographic technique, enabling colour slides of both groups to be assessed together in a random order. Scoring was done using both the Jackson-Al-Alousi (J-A) index, which is designed to record nonspecific hypoplasias and the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF). Both were compared to the results from conventional clinical recording using the J-A index. The results showed that the photographic method was highly reproducible and more sensitive than conventional recording and showed a higher level of mild fluorosis in the fluoridated area. However, no evidence of an increase in the higher grades of fluorosis was found. It is concluded that the use of fluoride toothpaste by young children in fluoridated areas is unlikely to produce aesthetically unacceptable levels of enamel fluorosis.

A photographic method is described for recording children's teeth in large numbers on location. The essential features of the dental study were that the photography should be consistent, accurate, and fast, since the subjects were to be photographed at a rate of 45 children per hour. Details are given on how this was achieved including the technique and equipment used.

This paper will show how learning from another industry can have a measureable, positive impact on the energy sector; and how BP's recognition and early adoption of one visualization system has generated significant value through reduced Operational Expenditures (OPEX), increased efficiencies and enhanced collaboration. This paper will show how BP was a pioneering adopter of visual asset management (VAM) through its use of the R2S system and how its search for innovative technological solutions outside the energy industry uncovered R2S, a technology that had been used since 2003 for crime scene forensic investigations. BP recognized that R2S would be invaluable in providing onshore staff with a detailed view of offshore facilities, comprehensive visual context, reduced travel and bed space requirements and improved access to vital information. The case studies referenced in this paper provide examples from both the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico that demonstrate how the adoption of this technology has yielded considerable financial and time savings (stretching into man years); improved collaboration, familiarisation, problem solving, HSE and, crucially, reduced bed space requirements. From a technology designed to support a completely different industry - forensic, R2S has evolved into a technology which is supporting BP, to meet several key challenges facing the industry, not least the lack of offshore bed space. As an established norm for asset management within various BP business segments and throughout its supply chains, this paper will also show how, through continued collaboration with the R2S development team, BP's R2S users are working to ensure the system evolves to meet business needs going forward.

This paper will show that visualization technology, more particularly, spherical photographic visual asset management (VAM) has positively impacted the offshore oil and gas industry by maximizing uptime via the creation of a wide array of efficiencies. It will illustrate the key role that visualization technology has to play in reducing Operational Expenditure (OPEX), improving collaboration, increasing efficiencies and thus maximizing uptime across the E&P industry throughout the asset life cycle. This paper will demonstrate, through the use of industry case studies that in a period of uncertainty with a low oil price and high uplift costs, Visual Asset Management (VAM) technology is positively impacting on the oil and gas sector. VAM technology is demonstrating a tangible return on investment in both financial and time savings, HSE benefits and encouraging a culture of innovation and improved collaboration. The technology is maximizing uptime by helping operating companies and their contractors spend less time and money to get jobs right the first time, and more often.Innovative operating companies have been successfully adopting this technical solution in order to improve resource efficiency, to reduce bed space requirements andto enhance work pack qualityultimately reducing the need to survey, thereby increasing collaboration between operators and their contractors, and between disciplines.The case studies referenced in this paper will demonstrate that VAM technology has been credited with providing operators with technical, competitive and economic advantages -with reduction of risk, increased safety of personnel, tangible cost savings that can amount to millions of dollars(most evident in the reduction of offshore transits) and man-day savings stretching into the thousands.VAM technology provides office-based personnel with a high quality, detailed view of the operational asset and, for those who have not visited it, provides very useful visual context. This detailed view of the facilities affords the ability to communicate and collaborate with colleagues, partners or clients in any location, including on the asset, about specific areas of interest or concern, such as asset life extension. The use of the technology reduces travel and improves access to key information, creates a virtual environment that is quicker and less costly to create than, for example, laser scanning and is more realistic by showing actual asset condition. [See Fig. 1] Recent case studies, highlighted in this paper, also demonstrate how operators (and their contractors) are gaining technical advantage from an improved knowledge of their assets. Through the use of measurement capabilities, tags placed within images to identify equipment and links to documents and other systems already in use for the asset, operators are able to achieve greater efficiencies and collaboration. This, in turn, provides greater assurance, planning and readiness with relevant application of the technology throughout the asset life cycle -from front-end desig...