LED lamps using phosphor downconversion can be designed to replace incandescent or halogen sources with a "warm-white" correlated color temperature (CCT) of 2700-3200 K and a color rendering index (CRI) greater than 90. However, these lamps have efficacies of ∼70% of standard "cool-white" LED packages (CCT = 4500-6000 K; CRI = 75-80). In this report, we describe structural and luminescence properties of fluoride and oxyfluoride phosphors, specifically a (Sr,Ca) 3 (Al,Si)O 4 (F,O):Ce 3þ yellow-green phosphor and a K 2 TiF 6 :Mn 4þ red phosphor, that can reduce this gap and therefore meet the spectral and efficiency requirements for high-efficacy LED lighting. LED lamps with a warm-white color temperature (3088 K), high CRI (90), and an efficacy of ∼82 lm/W are demonstrated using these phosphors. This efficacy is ∼85% of comparable cool-white lamps using typical Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3þ -based phosphors, significantly reducing the efficacy gap between warm-white and cool-white LED lamps that use phosphor downconversion.

The performance of first generation steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) plants for bitumen recovery has improved through operational experience, but there remain ample opportunities for the introduction of technologies that can further improve energy efficiency and plant reliability. Laboratory testing and validation is an important initial step in technology development. A major factor that determines the applicability and validity of testing results is the integrity of process water samples used in lab and field studies for this purpose. The results presented in this paper demonstrate aging of SAGD process water and its direct implication on membrane performance testing. Aging in samples collected after primary bitumen/water separation occurred mainly through reactions of dissolved organic species with air. This resulted in a gradual change in appearance, accompanied by a significantly higher tendency to foul membranes in dead-end filtration tests. The root cause for this change was proposed to be the reaction of phenolic species with oxygen, leading to more compressible and tightly packed filter cakes on the membrane surface. This effect was mitigated by minimizing air exposure during sample collection and handling. These results establish that preventing oxygen exposure to the sample is critical for maintaining sample integrity during a test program. Although this study focuses on filtration, aging effects can also lead to misleading results in laboratory testing of other water treatment processes and must be carefully considered during technology evaluation and development.

fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractTorque and drag can be critical issues in drilling directional wells especially in extended reach drilling (ERD). During well planning, torque and drag must be projected to ensure the rig's rotating and hoisting equipment are adequately sized and to evaluate the limits for slide-oriented drilling motors. Depending upon formations, typical open hole friction factors (FF) used in simulation range from 0.22 in oil base mud to 0.35 in water based mud. These friction factors are scaled to a higher value than those measured in the field in order to account for tortuosity created by drilling assemblies.A new drilling technology has been developed with the objective to reduce torque and drag by drilling a smooth and straight wellbore. The technology involves extended-gauge bit design with a matched steerable motor system or a point-thebit rotary steerable system. Friction factor was studied for North Sea's wells drilled by the conventional motor systems and by new drilling systems. Significant reductions in the actual friction factors and the tortuosity index have been seen from the wells drilled by the new drilling systems.

Technology development activities are routinely performed using process water samples collected and stored for several months while tests are being conducted. The results of the technology development activities are highly correlated to the water composition and properties.Processes such as atmospheric oxygen contamination, microbiological activity, and UV oxidation have the potential to act on a sample during long-term storage and modify the properties that may be relevant to technology development testing. These changes are referred to as "aging." Process water samples collected from a steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) bitumen production plant were subjected to different storage conditions and monitored for nearly five months. The sample organic composition and physical characteristics of the water were found to be highly dependent on storage conditions, particularly atmospheric oxygen exposure.Oxygen exposure appeared to drive abiotic polymerization and precipitation of phenolic species, and promote aerobic microbiological activity. These results highlight the importance of excluding oxygen from the sample matrix during collection and storage activities. Sample aging must be accounted for in technology development testing activities.

The project goal was to develop a cost-effective water recovery process to reduce the costs and environmental impact of shale gas production. This effort sought to develop both a flowback water pretreatment process and a membrane-based partial demineralization process for the treatment of the low-Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) portion of the flowback water produced during hydrofracturing operations. The TDS cutoff for consideration in this project is < 35,000 ~ 45,000 ppm, which is the typical limit for economic water recovery employing reverse osmosis (RO) type membrane desalination processes. The ultimate objective is the production of clean, reclaimed water suitable for re-use in hydrofracturing operations. The team successfully compiled data on flowback composition and other attributes across multiple shale plays, identified the likely applicability of membrane treatment processes in those shales, and expanded the proposed product portfolio to include four options suitable for various reuse or discharge applications. Pretreatment technologies were evaluated at the lab scale and down-selected based upon their efficacy in removing key contaminants. The chosen technologies were further validated by performing membrane fouling studies with treated flowback water to demonstrate the technical feasibility of flowback treatment with RO membranes. Process flow schemes were constructed for each of the four product options based on experimental performance data from actual flowback water treatment studies. For the products requiring membrane treatment, membrane system modeling software was used to create designs for enhanced water recovery beyond the typical seawater desalination benchmark. System costs based upon vendor and internal cost information for all process flow schemes were generated and are below target and in line with customer expectations. Finally, to account for temporal and geographic variability in flowback characteristics as well as local disposal costs and regulations, a parametric value assessment tool was created to assess the economic attractiveness of a given flowback recovery process relative to conventional disposal for any combination of anticipated flowback TDS and local disposal cost. It is concluded that membrane systems in combination with appropriate pretreatment technologies can provide cost-effective recovery of low-TDS flowback water for either beneficial reuse or safe surface discharge.