In recent years, cases of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection have increased in Europe in association with the consumption of contaminated food, mainly from pork products but also from wild boars. The animal’s serum is usually tested for the presence of anti-HEV antibodies and viral RNA but, in many cases such as during hunting, an adequate serum sample cannot be obtained. In the present study, liver transudate was evaluated as an alternative matrix to serum for HEV detection. A total of 125 sera and liver transudates were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at different dilutions (1:2, 1:10, 1:20), while 58 samples of serum and liver transudate were checked for the presence of HEV RNA by RT-qPCR. Anti- HEV antibodies were detected by ELISA in 68.0% of the serum samples, and in 61.6% of the undiluted transudate, and in 70.4%, 56.8%, and 44.8% of 1:2, 1:10, or 1:20 diluted transudate, respectively. The best results were obtained for the liver transudate at 1:10 dilution, based on the Kappa statistic (0.630) and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.841). HEV RNA was detected by RT-qPCR in 22.4% of the serum samples and 6.9% of the transudate samples, all samples used for RT-qPCR were positive by ELISA. Our results indicate that liver transudate may be an alternative matrix to serum for the detection of anti-HEV antibodies.
La candidiasis vulvovaginal afecta la mucosa vaginal y es causada por diferentes especies del género <em>Candida</em>. Las pacientes se quejan principalmente de escozor y dolor. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la candidiasis vulvovaginal en un grupo de mujeres con vaginitis. Se incluyeron, previo consentimiento informado, 150 pacientes con diagnóstico de vaginitis por <em>Candida </em>entre febrero de 2006 y noviembre de 2008. Se tomó una muestra de secreción vaginal para directo y cultivo. La identificación de especie se confirmó por el método API 20 C AUX, y el perfil de sensibilidad por ATB fungus. La prevalencia de las diferentes especies de <em>Candida </em>fue de: <em>C. albicans </em>80% (120), <em>C. parapsilosis </em>10% (15), <em>C.</em> <em>glabrata </em>5,3% (8), <em>C. tropicalis </em>2% (3), <em>C. guillermondii </em>1,3% (2), <em>C. kefyr </em>0,7% (1) y <em>Candida</em> <em>famata </em>0,7% (1).<p>El 90%, 135 de ellas, manifestaron síntomas asociados a infección por <em>Candida spp; </em>el 44,5%, 60 mujeres, presentaron simultáneamente prurito y flujo vaginal. El 6% de las pacientes presentó más de 4 episodios de candidiasis vulvovaginal en un año. El 90% de los aislamientos de <em>Candida albicans </em>fueron sensibles al fluconazol, itraconazol y voriconazol. El 100% de los aislamientos de <em>C. glabrata </em>sensibles a fluconazol y voriconazol. <em>C. kefyr </em>fue intermedio a fluconazol en el 100% de los aislamientos. Todas las otras especies aisladas fueron 100% sensibles a los antimicóticos evaluados. <em>C. albicans </em>fue la levadura más frecuentemente recuperada, seguida de <em>C. parapsilosis </em>y <em>C. glabrata</em>. La sensibilidad en general a los antimicóticos es alta para todos los aislamientos.</p>
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