1Physical activity is associated with greater independence in old age. However, little is known 2 about the effect of physical activity level and activity type on activities of daily living (ADL). 3 This review systematically analyzed the effects of physical activity level and activity type on 4 ADL in older adults (mean age, 60+). Electronic search methods (up to March 2015) 5 identified 47 relevant, randomized controlled trials. Random effects meta-analyses revealed 6 significant, beneficial effects of physical activity on ADL physical performance (SMD = 7 0.72, 95% CI [0.45, 1.00]; p < 0.01), with the largest effects found for moderate physical 8 activity levels, and for activity types with high levels of mental (e.g. memory, attention), 9physical (e.g. coordination, balance) and social (e.g. social interaction) demands. Inconsistent 10

The functional and psychological outcome of 43 patients with polyarticular juvenile arthritis was assessed in order to evaluate the impact of disease on their quality of life. Mean disease duration was 19.7 yr (range 10-39 yr), mean age 26.7 yr (range 18-54 yr) with sex ratio 1:3 (male:female). Severe disability was present in 8% of systemic onset, 34% of RF negative (Rh-P), 38% of RF positive (Rh+P) and 86% of extended pauci-articular (ExP) juvenile arthritics-this last high percentage was due to ocular impairment. The Rh+P had more hip (100% of the group) and knee prostheses (31%) compared with Rh-P (77 and 11% respectively). The Rh+P and ExP groups were the most disabled with the highest proportions of patients with currently active disease (85 and 71% respectively). Psychological testing showed that 21% of the patients were clinically depressed and the rate increased (P = 0.06) with the degree of disability. The proportion of patients demonstrating an anxious preoccupation with their disease increased (P = 0.002) with the degree of disability. Despite this, 66% of patients were employed and 38% felt that their arthritis had no effect on their ability to form relationships.

People with MS experience difficulties in emotion regulation, which predict poorer quality of life. These results indicate that emotional control skills should be investigated in further detail when considering interventions to enhance well-being in MS.

The strong relationships of emotion perception with social participation and psychological aspects of QoL following stroke may have implications for post-stroke outcomes.

These findings suggest that although nurses do not feel as skilled in delivering psychosocial support to patients as they do in delivering more traditional aspects of physical nursing care, they can very easily take on this role when given simple training and access to appropriate resources. This training can be provided by a lay-led organization.