EEG is a popular, low-cost examination used in neurologic and nonneurologic evaluations. Nevertheless, the diagnostic usefulness of EEG has some limitations, and it may increase medical costs. The manifestations of syncope may lead to misdiagnoses, and frequently, it is mislabeled as epilepsy. An EEG is usually obtained, yet some studies have suggested that EEGs have little value in diagnosing this condition. We aimed to determine the diagnostic usefulness of EEG in patients with syncope. We retrospectively examined EEG recordings of 10,408 patients. EEG findings were evaluated for all patients with a diagnosis of syncope (syncope, convulsive syncope, loss of consciousness, or sudden unexplained falls), including requests from neurologists and nonneurologists. EEGs were classified into (1) normal, (2) epileptiform discharges (spike/sharp waves), and (3) slow waves. The EEGs were separated according to gender and age. From 1,003 patients with the diagnosis of syncope, 899 (89.53%) were normal, 62 (6.18%) showed bilateral slow waves, 19 (1.89%) right slow waves, 18 (1.79%) epileptiform discharges, and 6 (0.6%) left slow waves. Epileptiform discharges only occurred among females. Left focal sharp waves were disclosed in 18 (50%), generalized discharges in 8 (44.4%), and right focal discharges in 1 (5.6%). Bilateral slow waves were more prevalent among adults. We conclude that EEG is not useful for evaluating the diagnosis of syncope because of its very low diagnostic yield. Patients with syncope must have a correct history and physical examination plus cardiovascular tests.

-Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by disturbing leg sensations associated to sleep complaints and excessive daytime somnolence. In the elderly, it affects 10 to 35%. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of RLS in institutionalized elderly, analyzing its relationship with clinical, laboratorial and neurophysiological features. We conducted a cross-sectional study of all the subjects under treatment on a chronic-care geriatric service by using face-to-face interviews, which include sleep complaints, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and standardized questions addressing the four minimal criteria for RLS. The patients with RLS diagnosis received neurological examination, laboratorial tests and three of them, neurophysiological evaluation. The prevalence of RLS was 15.6%. Women were more affected and sleep complaints were frequent. There was no significance on other clinical, laboratorial or neurophysiological findings. We conclude that RLS is a prevalent condition in elderly, may lead to sleep complaints and is often underdiagnosed.KEY WORDS: restless legs syndrome, prevalence, elderly. Síndrome de pernas inquietas em idosos institucionalizadosResumo -Síndrome de pernas inquietas (SPI) é um distúrbio caracterizado por sensações parestésicas nos membros, aliviadas à sua movimentação ativa. A patologia se associa freqüentemente a distúrbios do sono, sendo especialmente prevalente em idosos (10 a 35%), e pode estar associada a outras condições clínicas. Nosso objetivo foi determinar a prevalência da SPI em idosos institucionalizados, analisando queixas do sono e outras condições clínicas, bioquímicas e neurofisiológicas. Nós entrevistamos os idosos em regime de internato no Instituto São Vicente de Paula (Campina Grande, PB), utilizando questionários específicos para o sono, escala de sonolência de Epworth e um questionário para critérios mínimos para o diagnóstico de SPI. Os pacientes com o diagnóstico de SPI submeteram-se a exame neurológico, laboratoriais, e três deles, a exame neurofisiológico. A prevalência de SPI foi 15,62%, afetando especialmente o sexo feminino. Queixas de sono e patologias associadas foram freqüentes, embora os testes laboratoriais e neurofisiológicos não tenham acrescentado dados significativos. Nós concluímos que SPI é prevalente em idosos, relaciona-se a alterações do sono e é freqüentemente subdiagnosticada. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: síndrome de pernas inquietas, prevalência, idosos.

Left and right cerebral hemispheres are morphologically similar, although they are functionally different. Focal EEG abnormalities should appear with an equal frequency in both of them, but the literature has reported a left predominance. We presented the first Latin American study on lateralization of focal EEG abnormalities. METHOD: We retrospectively studied 10,408 EEGs from April 2001 to April 2010. They were separated by age and gender to estimate the frequency of left-sided versus right-sided focal abnormalities (discharges or slow waves). Associated clinical features were also accessed. RESULTS: Discharges were more prevalent in left cerebral hemisphere, in temporal lobe, and a stronger lateralization was found among adults. Right-sided discharges occurred more in frontal lobe. Slow waves were also more prevalent in the left cerebral hemisphere and among adults. Among left-sided slow waves group, women were more prevalent. Contrarily, men were more observed among right-sided slow waves EEGs. Left-sided slow waves were more prevalent in temporal and parietal lobes. Contrarily, right-sided slow waves occurred more in frontal and occipital lobes. Epilepsy was the most frequent disease among the patients with focal discharges in both cerebral hemispheres. Right-sided slow waves were more associated to epilepsy, and left-sided slow waves were more associated to headache. CONCLUSION: There were significant differences between cerebral hemispheres on focal EEG abnormalities, considering lateralization, gender, age and clinical features. These results suggest a neurofuncional asymmetry between cerebral hemispheres which may be explained by different specificities, as well as by cerebral neuroplasticity.

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RESUMODurante a Idade Média, a epilepsia era considerada uma manifestação espiritual, freqüentemente associada à idéia de possessão demoníaca, o que trouxe aos portadores um sofrimento adicional, imposto pelo preconceito. Eles eram segregados e rotulados como "lunáticos", sendo desacreditados e excluídos da vida social e científica. À luz da modernidade, várias celebridades têm sido sugeridas como portadoras de epilepsia, e as manifestações críticas e intercríticas podem ter contribuído, pelo menos em parte, para seus papéis decisivos na história. Este artigo de revisão apresenta algumas evidências de epilepsia em cinco personalidades importantes do passado, as quais, a despeito dos sofrimentos impostos pelos preconceitos e pela própria patologia, deixaram uma obra e um legado histórico de valor incalculável. Unitermos: Epilepsia, pessoas famosas. ABSTRACT Epilepsy in famous personsPersons with epilepsy almost always have been seen as lunatic, hysterical or insane people, mainly during medieval times. Thus, they were segregated and left beside social and scientific communities. Nevertheless, several famous persons have been described as suffering from epilepsy, and it is believed that at least some of their important contributions may have resulted from ictal and interictal epileptic phenomena. This paper reviews some evidences of epilepsy diagnosis in five famous persons, who left us a legacy of knowledge and a wonderful artistic production, in spite of having had a very suffering and difficult life. Keywords: Epilepsy, famous persons. INTRODUÇÃOA epilepsia tem sido motivo de controvérsias desde tempos em que seu diagnóstico era associado a situações místicas ou espirituais. O histórico desconhecimento acerca da fisiopatologia dos fenômenos epilépticos fomentou o surgimento de relatos lendários, idéias preconceituosas e de uma série de expressões artísticas acerca da patologia, geralmente retratada de forma deturpada e pouco científica. Diversas personalidades históricas são relatadas como suspeitos ou portadores de epilepsia. Em muitos casos, o diagnóstico definitivo jamais pôde ser estabelecido, devido à imprecisão clínica e às limitações tecnológicas da época. Ainda assim, a literatura apresenta significativas evidências acerca da possibilidade do diagnóstico de epilepsia em celebridades do passado. Este artigo propõe-se a revisar a literatura científica que relata a presença ou a suspeita de epilepsia em algumas celebridades, através de pesquisa documental nos bancos de dados do medline. AS CELEBRIDADESDentre as celebridades que são citadas como possíveis portadores de epilepsia, serão destacadas as seguintes: