Mexico receives an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, which are distributed in the hydrological cycle as follows: 72% evapotranspiration, 21% becomes runoff and 6% as aquifer recharge. Within the Mexican territory, exist a great diversity of climates and high spatial and temporal variability in water resources availability. In the period 2000-2015, damages from hydrometeorological phenomena in Mexico represented between 60 and 99% of total damages and losses at national level due to natural and socioorganizational events. Considering global climate change impact on the selection, design and implementation of flood control measures, represents a major challenge, since the level of certainty regarding its influence on the variables involved, remains insufficient. This chapter provides a description of the main elements directly linked to flooding in México, such as a high spatial and temporal variability in water resources availability and presence of tropical cyclones in both coasts and climate change. A brief summary of the main disasters caused by hydrometeorological phenomena, the annual cost of the damages, the main non-structural measures for flood control and the intervention from the Mexican Institute of Water Technology in the use, development and spread of technology focused on flood risk management are also included.

Se presenta el análisis que hace el Foro Económico Mundial sobre la correlación del agua con la mayor parte de las actividades humanas, señalando el incremento de la presión sobre las agendas sociales, 2020, Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Currently, cities, productive areas and the environment are more at risk of natural or anthropogenic hazards than ever before, causing human and economic losses. In cities, hydrometeorological events have the greatest socioeconomic impact according to the United Nations, which is further exacerbated by the fact that some cities do not have the appropriate mechanisms to minimize the impacts of these phenomena. This is why it is necessary to make them safer and more dynamic so that they might have the capacity to constantly adapt to changes. To address this vulnerability issue present in cities, the concept of urban resilience has been created. It is a tool to aid public officials’ decision making process when choosing government works to be invested in from among many different structural and non-structural strengthening options for resilience. Before developing strategies within government agendas, however, it is necessary to identify a city’s strengths and weaknesses in order to know it’s resilience level. This paper proposes a methodology to assess the resilience level of a city to hydrometeorological hazards, called the City Resilience Index (CRI), that is based on two assessment tools: one quantitative, called the Technical Resilience Index and the other, which is called the Technical Profile of Resilience, is a qualitative analysis of the characteristics of the city. For this analysis the city of Cuernavaca, Mexico, was selected as a case study. Index results were generated from the City Resilience Index (CRI) computer program, created expressly for the application of this methodology, which gave a 45.52% resilience rating to the city of Cuernavaca, a medium-range level of resilience.

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Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estimar el impacto potencial del cambio de cobertura y uso de suelo (CCUS) de la cuenca de aportación, así como el efecto del cambio climático en la precipitación para determinar la respuesta hidrológica de una cuenca de aportación y por consecuencia en el dimensionamiento de una obra hidráulica. En este análisis se determinó el gasto máximo de diseño de la presa El Rejón para el año 2053 mediante una técnica de inteligencia artificial, que se basa en el aprendizaje de información geoespacial histórica para desarrollar una proyección. Mientras que para considerar el efecto del cambio climático en la precipitación de la zona de estudio se utilizó el escenario CMIP5 con el modelo HADGEM2_ES. Los resultados indican un incremento de 9.48 % en el gasto debido al cambio de uso de suelo y cobertura vegetal, y un aumento de hasta 41.52 % por efecto del cambio climático en la precipitación. Para contrarrestar este incremento de escurrimiento se concluye que es necesario reforestar la zona alta en la cuenca de la presa El Rejón debido a que la superficie del bosque está decreciendo y se induce pastizal. Este estudio presenta el primer análisis y proyección con base en inteligencia artificial para considerar el cambio de uso de suelo y su potencial impacto en el gasto de diseño de una obra hidráulica en México