Occurrence and Biology of the Sunflower Caterpillar, Chlosyne lacinia saundersii (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) on the Weed Plant, Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae)ABSTRACT -This research aimed to study the biology of the sunflower caterpillar, Chlosyne lacinia saundersii (Doubleday), on Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) and to evaluate the preference between sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and the weed plant. The eggs were collected on plants of P. hysterophorus. Rearing procedures, from egg hatching to aduld emergence, were carried out under controlled enviromental conditions: 25 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 10% UR and 12:12h of photoperiod. The egg stage lasted seven days; the larval development took 18.9 days, with 75% survivorship; the pupal stage lasted 6.1 days, with 65% of survivorship. C. lacinia saundersii prefered to feed on sunflower comparatively to P. hysterophorus. The weed plant, P. hysterophorus, can be considered a host-plant for the sunflower caterpillar.KEY-WORDS: Insecta, alternative-host, plant-insect interaction RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a biologia de Chlosyne lacinia saundersii Doubleday, sobre losna branca, Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae), bem como avaliar sua preferência em relação ao girassol e à planta daninha. Os ovos foram coletados no campo sobre plantas de P. hysterophorus. A criação das lagartas foi realizada sob condições controladas de temperatura (25 ± 2ºC) e fotoperíodo (12 h L:12h E). A duração média da fase de ovo foi de sete dias; da fase larval de 18,9 dias, com 75% de sobrevivência e da fase pupal de 6,1 dias, com 65% de sobrevivência. C. lacinia saundersii preferiu alimentar-se de girassol, comparativamente à losna branca. A planta daninha P. hysterophorus constitui hospedeiro alternativo para a lagarta do girassol, permitindo que a mesma complete o ciclo biológico naquela planta. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, hospedeiro alternativo, interação inseto-plantaDiversos fatores reduzem a produção da cultura do girassol, representando, conseqüentemente, uma série de problemas agronômicos. Dentre estes, destacam-se como pragas as vaquinhas, os percevejos e a lagarta do girassol, Chlosyne lacinia saundersii Doubleday, que tem sido relatada como a principal praga da cultura (Vendramim & Boiça Jr. 1994). O lepidóptero pode assumir importância econômica por provocar intensos desfolhamentos durante a fase larval (Nakano et al. 1981), sendo o inseto mais abundante sobre a cultura do girassol no Brasil (Boiça Jr. et al. 1984).O primeiro registro de ocorrência de C. lacinia saundersii é devido a Maranhão (1945). Silva et al. (1968) Um dos aspectos importantes no controle de pragas é o conhecimento de hospedeiros alternativos, que permitem a continuidade do ciclo da praga no campo, durante várias gerações ao longo do ano (Forti 1990).São relatadas 14 espécies de plantas como hospedeiras de C. lacinia saundersii na região de Londrina, sendo 12 espécies pertencentes à família Asteraceae: carrapicho
Anthropogenic activities close to water bodies can be sources of contamination, posing a risk to the environment and human health. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition of surface and groundwater samples collected from the São Pedro river basin, in the municipality of Faxinal (PR-Brazil). Thirty-eight samples were collected in total: nineteen from rivers, two in dams, eleven at sites with springs, one in a shallow well, and five in deep wells part of the Guarani Aquifer System. Samples were collected in the rainy and dry seasons to determine the concentrations of the following elements: Magnesium, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Chromium, Nickel, Aluminum, Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium, which were quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results were compared with the standards established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health Ordinance n. 2914/2011, which regulates the drinking water standard for human consumption in Brazil. Manganese, Aluminum, and Mercury levels were observed to be above those required by the standards established by the legislation, indicating that further studies are necessary to detect possible sources of pollution in these waters as well as highlighting the potential risks to human health and ultimately contributing to the environmental planning of this basin.
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