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RESUMOFoi avaliada a viabilidade econômica de três sistemas de produção por meio da mensuração dos custos de produção e da análise dos indicadores financeiros. Os três sistemas (S1, S2 e S3), situados na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, foram avaliados no período de outubro de 2010 a outubro de 2011. A pastagem estabelecida no S1 foi de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam) e trevo branco (Trifolium repens Lam); no S2, trevo branco, trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense Lam), cornichão (Lotus corniculatus Lam), azevém e aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb); e no S3, azevém, cornichão, trevo branco e trevo vermelho. Os animais foram pesados na entrada e na saída das pastagens. A coleta de dados para mensuração do custo foi realizada mensalmente utilizando-se planilhas apropriadas. As produtividades foram de 369, 772 e 637kg/ha para os sistemas S1, S2 e S3, respectivamente. O S2 apresentou o maior custo total (R$ 2.101,59/ha), enquanto o menor foi obtido pelo S1 (R$ 1.626,93/ha). Na análise do custo operacional médio dos três sistemas, os itens que apresentaram maiores valores foram a implantação de pastagem, a energia elétrica, a manutenção da pastagem e a depreciação. Quanto às margens, os sistemas S1, S2 e S3 apresentaram, respectivamente, R$ 33,46, 1.162,55 e 701,01/ha para margem bruta; R$ -63,51, 955,40 e 541,05/ha para margem operacional; e R$ -583,18, 291,61 e -28,99/ha para lucro total. A rentabilidade foi de -0,47, 4,37 e 3,01% e a lucratividade foi de -5,94, 39,92 e 27,38% para o S1, S2 e S3, respectivamente. A irrigação de pastagens para terminação de bovinos é viável economicamente, no entanto a sua adoção deve sempre visar a altas produtividades zootécnicas devido ao seu elevado custo de produção.Palavras-chave: custo de produção, intensificação, pivô central, resultado econômico (R$ 1626.93/ha). In the analysis of the average operating costs, items that showed the highest values were the establishment of pasture, electricity, maintenance of pasture and depreciation. As for margins, the systems S1, S2, and S3 were, respectively, R$ 33.46, 1162.55 and 701.01/ha for gross margin; R$ -63.51, 955.40 and 541.05 ha -1 for operating margin; and R$ -583.18, -28.99 and 291.61 ha -1 ABSTRACT The economic viability of three systems of production was evaluated through the measurement of costs and analysis of financial indicators. The three systems (S1, S2 and S3), located on the Western Border of

-The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mineral and protein-energy (MPES), exogenous fibrolytic enzyme supplements (ES), combination of MPES + ES, and straw without supplement (WS) on digestibility, fermentation kinetic parameters, cumulative gas production, methane, CO 2 production, and volatile fatty acid concentration of rice straw of low and high nutritional value, estimated by in vitro techniques. The experimental design was randomized and factorial 2 × 4: two straws (low and high nutritional value) incubated with four supplements (MPES, ES, MPES + ES, and WS) and their interactions. Four experimental periods were used, totaling four replications per treatment over time. Data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS. The in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of the rice straw with high nutritional value was improved by MPES, while the combination of MPES + ES supplements inhibited the digestibility of this straw. Dietary carbohydrate and nitrogen increased through MPES and MPES + ES supplements resulted in an increase in NH 3 -N concentration and a decrease in CO 2 production due to the microbial mass formation. However, this increase was not enough to improve organic matter degradability parameters, cummulative gas production, gas production kinetics, and acetate:propionate ratio and reduce methane emissions. The straw with high nutritional value showed greater content of nitrogen fraction a, effective degradability, cummulative gas production, and methane and CO 2 productions comparing with low-nutritional value straw. The use of MPES and MPES + ES supplements can be used as strategy to mitigate CO 2 in ruminant production systems that use rice straw.Key Words: digestibility, digestion kinetics, fatty acid, gas production, methane Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia

Background Epidemiological studies indicate that onychomycosis may affect up to 79% of psoriatic patients. Onychomycosis in psoriatic patients is more commonly caused by yeasts comparing with non‐psoriatic. Objectives Evaluate the prevalence of fungi in nail psoriasis. Evaluate the association between direct mycological examination (DME) and mycological culture, Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) and systemic treatment for psoriasis. Methods Of 133 nails from 20 patients with nail psoriasis were evaluated as follows: 9 patients were using topical treatment and 11 were on systemic treatment. The assessment of psoriasis severity using NAPSI was performed in all psoriatic nails. The presence of fungi was confirmed in DME and culture. Results DME showed the presence of fungal elements in 45 nails (33.83%) with a predominance of blastoconidia (95.5%) No septate hyphae were seen. Mycological culture was positive in 36 (27.06%) samples. Among them, Candida grew in 31 (86.1%): Candida parapsilosis in 15 (48.38%), Candida spp in 14 (45.16%). No growth of dermatophytes was observed. Patients with systemic treatment showed a higher frequency of positive test (DME and culture) for fungi when compared to topic treatment (p:.006). There was a positive correlation between NAPSI, mycological culture and systemic treatment (p:.0063); the risk was four times higher (OR:4.0). Limitation of the study Sample size. Conclusion These results are consistent with some previous reports, Candida was the fungus with higher frequency on the psoriatic nails, however, the role of these fungi is controversial (contamination x colonisation x infection). The fact that the immunosuppressive treatment increases the chance of fungal infection leads us to a greater attention to this patient profile, to prevent the intensification of nail psoriasis (Köbner phenomenon).

SUMMARYThe interest in using crude glycerol in animal feeding has reemerged due to its increasing availability and favorable price resulting from the expansion of biofuel industry. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of substituting corn for crude glycerol at different levels in the diet on ruminal fermentation using in-vitro true digestibility parameters. The experimental treatments consisted of substituting corn for liquid crude glycerol (0; 4; 8 and 12%) in dry matter basis. Diets consisted of 60% alfalfa hay and 40% corn and glycerol substituted the corn in the diet. In addition to the 48 hours traditionally applied in digestibility assays, different in-vitro digestibility times were used (0; 4; 8; 16; 48, 72 and 96 hours) in order to study digestion kinetics. The dietary corn substitution for increasing crude glycerol levels did not affect ammonia nitrogen content, metabolizable energy content, in-vitro digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber, nor ruminal degradation parameters. However this byproduct of biodiesel production may be tested in-vivo as an alternative energy feedstuff in ruminant diets.Keywords: co-product of biodiesel, degradation parameters, effective degradability, in-vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility, ruminant RESUMO O interesse na utilização da glicerina bruta na alimentação animal ressurge, devido ao aumento na disponibilidade e preço favorável, como conseqüência da expansão das indústrias de biocombustíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho por diferentes níveis de glicerina bruta na dieta sobre a fermentação ruminal através da digestibilidade in vitro verdadeira. As dietas experimentais consistiram na substituição do milho por glicerol (0; 4; 8 e 12%) na matéria seca da dieta (MS). As dietas eram compostas por 60% de feno de alfafa e 40% de grão de milho e o glicerol foi adicionado, substituindo o milho nas dietas. Além de trabalhar com as 48 horas tradicionais, foram utilizados diferentes horários de digestibilidade in vitro (0; 4; 8; 16; 48; 72 e 96 horas), com a finalidade de estudar a cinética da digestão. A substituição do milho por níveis crescente de glicerina bruta na dieta não afetou a concentração de N-NH 3 , o teor de energia metabolizável, as digestibilidades in vitro da matéria orgânica da fibra em detergente neutro, bem como os parâmetros da degradação ruminal. Portanto, esse subproduto da produção do biodiesel deve ser testado in vivo como uma alternativa energética na formulação de dietas para ruminantes.