The study of tadpole assemblages allows inferring habitat availability and using their occupation as a means of proxy for the effective reproduction of the species, contributing to complementary information for the study of their adult forms. Environmental variables, represented by abiotic variables, vegetation structure, matrix management, and landscape elements, affect species having reproductive modes associated with oviposition and development in bodies of water. In the Orinoco region, most amphibians have complex life cycles and deposit their eggs in highly dynamic lentic bodies of water. Therefore, it is important to know how larval assemblages change over short periods of water accumulation and their relationship with environmental variables. Fieldwork was conducted during 9 weeks of larval sampling, from the beginning of the rainy season. We evaluate changes in anuran assemblages associated with water accumulation in five temporary water bodies of anthropogenic (road or pasture) and natural (savanna or gallery forest) origin. Twenty environmental variables were evaluated and measured in the center of each water body. Of these, nine landscape variables were measured only once during the study. The other eleven variables, representing management practices, physicochemical and structural characteristics of the water bodies, were measured weekly during the 3 months of sampling. We explored differences in the structure and diversity of larval-stage anuran assemblages using statistical tests suitable for small sample sizes (i.e., permutational multivariate analysis of variance PERMANOVA and the distance-based linear modeling DistLM). Of the 14 species found, two species had remarkedly high abundances from which Rhinella humboldti (19% of the total tadpole abundance) was a generalist inhabiting the natural and anthropogenic water bodies, while Leptodactylus insularum (18% of the total tadpole abundance) was a specialist at a natural pond in the savanna. The natural water bodies contained the highest number of species (between 10 and 12) and a total abundance of larvae (between 847 and 485 individuals). In contrast, the anthropogenic water body tracks generated by tractors were only occupied by two species with 50 individuals in total, while the water body generated by the trampling of cattle in pastures had three species with 474 individuals. These three species that inhabited the anthropogenic puddles were also found in the natural ponds and none of the eight species of hylids inhabited the puddles. In each field trip, all the tadpoles were collected from the sampled bodies of water. However, a week later, we found that each of the water bodies had been recolonized by four species (Leptodactylus fuscus, Leptodactylus fragilis, Elachistocleis ovalis, and R. humbolti). The variables with the highest explanatory power on the variation of anuran assemblage structure throughout all the water bodies were height of plants, number of cattle, distance to the nearest native forest edge, distance to an anthropic lentic body of water, distance to a natural lentic body of water, and pH. The bodies of water immersed in the natural cover were more diverse and had a greater degree of spatial and temporal species turnover. Our study calls for the importance of understanding the turnover of larval stage anurans over short periods, associated with water accumulation, in highly dynamic systems such as natural ponds and anthropogenic puddles. The importance of species traits and local processes is also highlighted, from environmental variables to human management activities, in the conservation of amphibian assemblages.
We studied the species of amphibians from Serranía de Las Quinchas, in the mid Magdalena Valley region of Colombia, comparing the data from a recent fieldwork with museum records and literature. We present a list of 50 species of amphibians (Anura and Caudata). In our survey, we recorded 36 species, of which 6 represented new records. One of the most interesting record is that of the genus Oedipina, since this is the first time the genus is recorded for the Cordillera Oriental. The number of species is what would be expected in a humid tropical forest of the mid-Magdalena river valley, given the co-occurrence of amphibian faunas distributed in the sub-Andean, Caribbean, and Chocó biogeographic regions.
Los anfibios y reptiles son animales asombrosos y su biología es mucho más Fascinante y variada de lo que originalmente se consideraba. Esta afirmación se soporta fácilmente en múltiples aspectos, entre los cuales sobresale, su reproducción (Duellman & Trueb 1994; Wells 2007; Balshine 2012; Gómez-Mestre et al. 2012; Vitt & Caldwell 2014; Pough et al. 2016). En los anfibios, por ejemplo, muchas especies no dejan sus huevos en charcas y lagunas, como tradicionalmente ha creído el común de las personas, sino que las hembras los depositan en ambientes terrestres, tales como la superficie de hojas o en ambientes húmedos que se dan a nivel del suelo entre hojarasca y bajo troncos caídos, piedras o raíces de árboles (Duellman & Trueb 1994; Crump 2015). Más aún, hay especies cuya reproducción es tan especializada que los padres o madres transportan a los renacuajos en diferentes partes de su cuerpo , ya sea, por pocas horas o días, mientras los depositan en ambientes específicos, o hasta que las crías terminan su ciclo de metamorfosis y se desarrollen como un adulto, pero en miniatura (Noble 1927; Mendelson et al. 2000; Castroviejo-Fisher et al. 2015). Con respecto a los reptiles, hay ejemplos de especies, donde, - las hembras no requieren que un gameto masculino fertilice sus óvulos para producir crías, o especies, donde el sexo de la progenie no está determinado genéticamente, sino por la temperatura ambiental, lo cual, permiten la incubación de huevos (Tinkle & Gibbons 1977; Shine 1995; Vitt & Caldwell 2014). Los factores o procesos asociados a la evolución de este último aspecto en la reproducción de reptiles, es todo un enigma para los científicos (BlacNburn 2006; Shine 2015). Estos y muchos más ejemplos, que se encuentran a lo largo de este libro, contradicen la imagen que durante décadas se tuvo de los anfibios y reptiles, incluso, por científicos y naturalistas tan prestigiosos como, Carlos Linneo, quien afirmó que estos vertebrados eran animales repulsivos, en los cuales el creador no había ejercido toda su sabiduría y poder (Halliday & Adler 1986).
The increase in human population had to increase the demand for vital resources, including food, generating intensive and extractive exploitation, and impacting natural ecosystems and biodiversity. Land degradation of ecosystems is a serious and widespread problem in the world. The expansion of the agricultural frontier is by direct or indirect human-induced processes, expressed as long-term reduction or loss of biodiversity. The expansion and industrialization of agriculture had been negatively affected by soil fertility, the climate, biogeochemical cycles, bodies of water, and loss of biodiversity on different spatiotemporal scales. Intensive agriculture, in the form of monocultures, is subjected to strict pest controls for the use of highly toxic agrochemicals. Pesticides are used in monocultures by spraying aqueous dilutions. Knowing the toxic effect of pesticides and agrochemicals on amphibians is very important. These animals have special ecophysiological conditions because they have biphasic life cycles composed of an embryonic and larval aquatic development stage and the adult stage in humid terrestrial environments. For these reasons, the amphibians have been observed with increased mortality rates, reduced prey availability, and affected growth rates.
La diversidad biológica que Colombia ostenta, se deriva de la multiplicidad de sus ecosistemas, los cuales son definidos por la topografía y las condiciones climáticas propicias para su establecimiento. De aquí que, los ecosistemas de montaña sean considerados potencial de riqueza biológica; no obstante, los estudios de la flora y la fauna son aún incipientes para el país, y aún más, los trabajos enfocados en este tipo de ambientes, encauzados en la oferta de bienes y servicios ambientales (abastecimiento de cuencas, secuestro de carbono, paisajística y recreación), por lo cual, estas investigaciones requieren de un estricto análisis y manejo, así como de la importancia de soportar la información con una orientación histórica y transformación del uso del suelo. A partir de lo anterior, y con un enfoque investigativo, además como estrategia de compensación, Ecopetrol S. A. y la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), presentan a la comunidad, el libro “La vida en un fragmento de bosque en las rocas: una muestra de la diversidad andina en Bolívar, Santander”, que surge como una propuesta editorial del convenio 5211740 de 2012, entre la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia y Ecopetrol S.A., con algunos resultados relevantes de un proceso de investigación con más de tres años de desarrollo, en el que interactuaron investigadores y se contó con el apoyo de diversas instituciones. El libro contiene nueve capítulos, escritos por 19 investigadores, dentro de los cuales se encuentran científicos con amplia trayectoria y reconocimiento, estudiantes de pregrado y maestría, y un habitante de la zona, que desde el inicio del proyecto mostró su interés en el aprendizaje e hizo valiosos aportes a toda la investigación. Esperamos que esta producción se convierta en un soporte divulgativo para el conocimiento de la diversidad de flora y fauna presente en este bosque, y que, de esta manera, se promueva la investigación y la protección de los fragmentos de bosque que aún sobreviven en la región santandereana conocida otrora como Carare – Opón.
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