a b s t r a c tThe zeta potential of microbubbles, generated by injecting pressurised air into water and then releasing the pressure, was determined in the absence and presence of different polyacrylamides. Air was dissolved in either water or solutions of cationic, anionic, amphoteric or nonionic polymers at a constant pressure of four atmospheres. The charge of the bubbles at the shear-zeta plane was measured using a modified microelectrophoresis glass cell, held at a stationary level, at varying pH (2.0-12.0). Known practical problems with this technique were solved, and these solutions are described in detail. The anionic, amphoteric and nonionic polymers increased the negative charge of the bubbles, but the isoelectric point (iep) remained constant at about pH 2.0. Conversely, in the presence of the cationic polymer, the bubbles exhibited positive surface charges between pH 2.0 and 8.0 and an iep of pH 8.0. The results revealed the existence of an important interaction mechanism between air bubbles and polymeric macromolecules; neither this mechanism nor its practical implications have been reported in the literature to date, especially in the treatment of wastewater by flocculation followed by dissolved air flotation (DAF).
TM, Rua Luiz Manoel Gonzaga 450 / 601, Porto Alegre/ RS, CEP: 90470-280. RESUMOA deposição ou incrustação mineral é proveniente do acúmulo de sais inorgânicos que causam problemas operacionais às tubulações e equipamentos aplicados em diversos setores industriais,. Na exploração de petróleo e gás, as incrustações são formadas pela incompatibilidade entre as composições químicas das águas de formação e de injeção e/ou pelas mudanças termodinâmicas do sistema durante estas atividades. A prevenção das incrustações pode ser realizada com a adição substâncias químicas denominadas inibidores de incrustação. Neste trabalho, dois inibidores contendo os grupos funcionais fosfonato e amina (IN-A) e poliméricos (IN-B) foram sintetizados e investigados para aplicação na extração de petróleo em plataformas brasileiras offshore. Os estudos envolveram a avaliação da compatibilidade dos inibidores (IN-A e IN-B) com salmouras e as suas eficiências de inibição de incrustação relacionadas aos íons cálcio. Em todos os estudos, as salmouras foram preparadas com os sais NaCl (76,50 g/L), CaCl 2 .2H 2 O (92,21 g/L), MgCl 2 .6H 2 O (14,42 g/L), BaCl 2 .2H 2 O (0,04 g/L), SrCl 2 .6H 2 O (6,33 g/L), KCl (11,59 g/L), Na 2 SO 4 (0,68 g/L), NaHCO 3 (1,18 g/L) e NaCl (76,50 g/L), visando simular condições operacionais específicas de plataformas brasileiras. A compatibilidade foi avaliada por análises de turbidez e a eficiência por análises de íons cálcio, posteriormente, expressa em termos percentuais. O IN-A apresentou melhores resultados de compatibilidade, mostrando valores de turbidez menores que 10 NTU para todas as concentrações avaliadas. A eficiência do IN-A foi de, aproximadamente, 80%, indicando um adequado mecanismo quelante de inibição com possível liberação dos complexos solúveis, conforme esperado. Em contraste, o IN-B apresentou menor compatibilidade com as salmouras nas concentrações de 5, 10 e 30 g/L, onde a turbidez foi de 12,7; 15,9 e 31,0 NTU, respectivamente. Além disso, houve queda de eficiência de inibição no decorrer do tempo para as concentrações mais elevadas, de modo que com 30 g/L a eficiência foi de 75,78%, possivelmente, devido a dificuldade de solubilização do polímero com consequente encobrimento dos sítios ativos dos cristais. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram comparar e avaliar o comportamento dos dois inibidores sintetizados, evidenciando que condições específicas de concentração de sais e perfis de solubilidade são parâmetros muito influentes na formulação e seleção de inibidores de incrustação. Palavras-chave: Inibidores de incrustação. Soluções supersaturadas. Extração de petróleo. ABSTRACTThe mineral scale or mineral fouling is from accumulating of inorganic salts, which cause problems to pipes and equipments applied in several industrial sectors. In the gas and oil exploration the mineral scale are formed by incompatibility between the chemical compositions of formation and injection waters and/or thermodynamic changes in the system during these activities. The prevention of scaling may be carrying ...
Titanium has been widely used as biomaterial, especially in implantables, in which osseointegration and corrosion resistance are needed. Studies have shown that the thickness and roughness of porous titanium oxides are related to the osseointegration. According to the literature, the best anodizing conditions for obtaining nanotubes in titanium oxide are the use of a voltage of 10V in an electrolyte containing 0.15% HF in H3PO4 (w/v). In this study, was to evaluate the corrosion capacity of simulated body fluid (SBF) over titanium samples anodized on 1 mol. L-1 H3PO4 and 0.15% HF (w/v) in 1 mol.L-1 H3PO4. To perform these evaluations samples of commercially pure titanium grade 2 were used. Samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and by electrochemical corrosion tests in healthy and simulating inflammatory conditions. The hydrophobicity of oxides was tested by sessile drop essay, also using SBF. Results show that oxides obtained in H3PO4 electrolyte, barrier type oxides, work better than the porous oxides obtained in H3PO4/HF electrolyte, suggesting that barrier oxide exhibit more biomaterial characteristics than the porous oxide. These results agree with previous studies, and stand out mainly in relation to the tests performed under inflammatory conditions, more aggressive to the biomaterial.
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