The increased risk of overweight and micronutrient deficiencies in this population highlights the need to address the double burden of excess weight with micronutrient deficiencies in medium- and low-income settings.
BackgroundAcute diarrhea is the second leading cause of mortality among children under 5 years of age in developing countries. The pathogen most strongly associated with diarrhea is rotavirus followed by enteric pathogens such as bacteria, helminthes and protozoan. Adequate sanitation and water supply contribute to decrease acute diarrhea incidence of most etiologic agents, although vaccination remains the most important intervention to control rotavirus acute diarrhea. This study aimed to describe environmental conditions and analyze spatially the acute diarrhea and intestinal infection among rotavirus vaccinated infants from Laranjeiras-Sergipe, Brazil.MethodsChildren were enrolled between 2 and 11 months of age and followed through 12 months. Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental data were obtained from a questionnaire, and immunization data were obtained from children vaccination card. Children stool samples were collected each month in order to run laboratory analyses. The household spatial localization was obtained by using a Global Positioning System (GPS). Spatial analysis was performed using the TerraView computer program and Kernel intensity estimation.ResultsA total of 1,113 stool samples were collected with 80 being diarrhea associated. Diarrhea incidence rate was 0.5 ± 1.0 episodes/child/year. The overall infection rates by Ascaris lumbricoides, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia and rotavirus were 5.1%, 3.0%, 0.9% and 2.6%, respectively. 3.8% of diarrhea-associated stool samples were positive for rotavirus and 11.3% were positive for helminths and protozoans. There were some changes on spatial distribution of intestinal infections and diarrhea episodes along the four trimesters evaluated.ConclusionsThe studied infants live equally in precarious conditions of sanitation which probably explain the significant rates of parasitic infections appearing in early life. The low acute diarrhea incidence in the studied rotavirus vaccinated population and the low number of symptomatic rotavirus infection may indicate vaccination efficacy to prevent acute diarrhea among young children in a poor environmental sanitary setting.
RESUMO:Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e composição bromatológica de cinco espécies forrageiras submetidas a dois níveis de irrigação. As forrageiras utilizadas foram: Urochloa brizantha cv. MG-5, Andropogon gayanus, Urochloa humidicola, Digitaria umfolozi e Panicum maximum cv. Aruana, submetidas ou não a irrigação, com quatro repetições. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5 x 2. Observou-se interação significativa (P<0,05) na produção de MS, no teor de LFV e na relação lâmina foliar:colmo, entre as espécies e níveis de irrigação. Verificou-se diferença significativa (P<0,05) no teor de NDT, entre as espécies e os níveis de irrigação. Foi observada interação significativa (P<0,05) no teor de NT entre as forrageiras e níveis de irrigação. As forrageiras apresentaram maior teor de NT no nível sem irrigação. As forrageiras apresentaram maior teor de NIDIN e NIDA na área irrigada. A irrigação aumentou a produção por área e o percentual de LFV, a irrigação diminui o teor de NT e aumentou o percentual de nitrogênio complexado a parede celular das forrageiras (NIDIN e NIDA). Palavras-chave: Forrageiras; NIDIN; nitrogênio totalABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the production and chemical composition of five forage species subjected to two irrigation levels. The forages were Urochloa brizantha cv. MG-5, Andropogon gayanus, Urochloa humidicola, Digitaria umfolozi and Panicum maximum cv. Aruana, submitted or not irrigation, with four replications. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme. A significant interaction (P<0.05) in DM production, in LB and content in the leaf blade:stem, between species and irrigation levels. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in TDN content, between species and irrigation levels. Significant interaction (P<0.05) in the level of TN between fodder and irrigation levels was observed. Forages had higher levels of TN level without irrigation. Forages had higher content of INND and INAD in the irrigated area. Irrigation increased the yield per area and percentage of LB, irrigation decreases the level of T and increased the percentage of nitrogen complexed forage cell walls (INND and INAD).
A esquistossomose é uma doença parasitária frequente nos países tropicais e subtropicais. Objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a dinâmica espaço-temporal da esquistossomose mansônica no estado de Alagoas, entre os anos de 2007 a 2017. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico misto, com o tratamento estatístico realizado em três etapas: modelagem temporal; análise descritiva simples (frequências absolutas e relativas); modelagem espacial. Foram notificados 827 casos novos de esquistossomose mansônica em Alagoas, com taxa de incidência de 2,37/100 mil habitantes. Ao longo da série temporal, o modelo de regressão mostrou dois comportamentos distintos, sendo o primeiro de declínio entre 2007 e 2012, cuja taxa de incidência decresceu de 5,75/100 mil para 0,88/100 mil (APC-29,78%; p<0,001), e o segundo estacionário a partir de 2012. O perfil epidemiológico foi caracterizado pelo acometimento da população adulta em idade produtiva, uma vez que 60,58% (n=501) possuíam idade entre 20 e 59 anos, seguida da população com menos de 15 anos (15,24; n=126). Adicionalmente, 63,12%(n=522) eram da raça parda e 49,58% (n=410) autóctones. A taxa de cura observada foi de apenas (35,43%; n=293) e a letalidade 8,34% (n=69). Desta forma, esquistossomose no estado de Alagoas apresenta um elevado registro de municípios com alta taxa de incidência para a doença; quantidade considerável de municípios em que a população não foi trabalhada no período, permitindo que ocorra ausência e/ou subnotificação de dados importantes sobre a doença; e o estado exibe uma alta endemicidade, tendo em vista que doze municípios excederem o percentual estadual.
Infant overweight and rapid weight gain predict overweight and adiposity in childhood among low-income children.
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