The problem of the criteria of stability of the equilibrium state of an infinitely long slope, with constant inclination, is tackled and the conditions of spontaneous collapse of the slope are proposed. An experimental programme is described to define the stability locus for loose Hostun RF sand. The validity of the instability line concept introduced by Lade for isotropically consolidated virgin specimens is corroborated. It is further shown that this instability line can still be defined when specimens are anisotropically consolidated, although then the slope of the line is greater. It is shown that an instability line cannot be defined for specimens pre-loaded in drained conditions and subsequently reloaded undrained, as the level at which peak occurs in undrained conditions is dependent on the pre-loading history. The results are examined in the light of elastoplastic strain-hardening theory. By using a model to allow for mixed isotropic–kinematic hardening, all the experimental phenomena observed can be accurately reproduced. The validity of the model is further corroborated in tests made to highlight some peculiar model predictions. The model is then used to predict the onset of instability in subaqueous slopes. The relevance of the in situ stress conditions, the preloading history and the kinematic constraints on the collapse mode are discussed. A possible explanation of why flow slides are not as common as one could predict on the basis of the collapse surface or instability line concepts is given. On étude d'abord le problème du critère de stabilité de l'état d'équilibre d'une pente infiniment longue, avec inclinaison constante, et on discute les conditions d'instabilité spontanée de la pente. Un programme experimental est décrit épour la détermination de la zone de stabilité pour le sable d'Hostun RF. La validité du concept de ligne d'instabilité introduit par Lade pour des échantilIons consolidés isotropiquement est vérifiéve. On montre de plus que on peut définir cette ligne d'instabilité même pour des échantillons avec consolidation anisotrope quoique dans ce cas la pente de la ligne soit plus grande. On montre que on ne pent pas définir la ligne d'instabilité pour des échantillons préchargés en conditions drainées et en suite recharges en conditions non drainées, le niveau auquel le pic se vérifie en conditions non drainées étant trés dépendant de l'histoire de chargement. Les résultats sont examinés à la lumière de la théorie de l'élastoplasticité. On montre qu'à l'aide d'un model avec écrouissage mixte isotropique-cinématique on peut reproduire avec soin tous les phénomènes expérimentaux observés. La validité du model est vérifiée avec des essais pour mettre en éidence certaines predictions particuliéres. Le model est alors utilisé pour définir le début de l'instabilité des pentes sous-marines. On discute l'importance des conditions de la contrainte in situ, de l'histoire de chargement et des conditions cinématiques sur le mode d'effondrement. Une explication possible pour laquelle les 'flow slides' ne sont pas aussi fréquent que prédis sur la base de la surface d'effondrement ou du concept de la ligne d'instabilité est finalement donnée.
SUMMARYThis paper aims at extending the well‐known critical state concept, associated with quasi‐static conditions, by accounting for the role played by the strain rate when focusing on the steady, simple shear flow of a dry assembly of identical, inelastic, soft spheres. An additional state variable for the system, the granular temperature, is accounted for. The granular temperature is related to the particle velocity fluctuations and measures the agitation of the system. This state variable, as is in the context of kinetic theories of granular gases, is assumed to govern the response of the material at large strain rates and low concentrations. The stresses of the system are associated with enduring, frictional contacts among particles involved in force chains and nearly instantaneous collisions. When the first mechanism prevails, the material behaves like a solid, and constitutive models of soil mechanics hold, whereas when inelastic collisions dominate, the material flows like a granular gas, and kinetic theories apply. Considering a pressure‐imposed flow, at large values of the normal stress and small values of the shear rate, the theory predicts a nonmonotonic shear rate dependence of the stress ratio at the steady state, which is likely to govern the evolution of landslides. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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