Este artigo apresenta os principais resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). Aplicou-se questionário em uma amostra de conglomerados de 60.973 estudantes do 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas das capitais dos estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal, entre março e junho de 2009. Analisam-se prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) das situações de violência envolvendo adolescentes. Foram identificadas as seguintes situações: insegurança no trajeto casa-escola (6,4%; IC95%: 6,1%-6,8%) e na escola (5,5%; IC95%: 5,2%-5,8%); envolvimento em brigas com agressão física (12,9%; IC95%: 12,4%-13,4%), com arma branca (6,1%; IC95%: 5,7%-6,4%) ou arma de fogo (4,0%; IC95%: 3,7%-4,3%); agressão física por familiar (9,5%; IC95%: 9,1%-9,9%). As situações de violência foram mais prevalentes entre estudantes do sexo masculino. Houve grande variação segundo as cidades estudadas. Os adolescentes estão expostos a diferentes manifestações de violência nas instituições que supostamente deveriam garantir sua proteção e desenvolvimento saudável e seguro - a escola e o lar. Esses resultados visam apoiar medidas de promoção à saúde e prevenção desses fatores de risco.
A adolescência é marcada por transformações e exposição a diversas situações e riscos para a saúde. O estudo atual estima a prevalência dos principais fatores de risco e proteção à saúde dos adolescentes entrevistados em 2009 na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). A PeNSE, parceria do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) com o Ministério da Saúde, usou questionário autoaplicável em palmtop coletando informação de 60.973 estudantes em 1.453 escolas públicas privadas nas 27 capitais. RESULTADOS: consumo de alimentos em cinco dias ou mais na semana: 62,6% comem feijão, apenas 31,5% consomem frutas, 58,3% comem guloseimas e 37% tomam refrigerantes; 43,1% dos alunos são suficientemente ativos fisicamente e 79,5% gastam mais de duas horas diárias em frente à TV. Em relação a tabaco e drogas: 6,3% são fumantes atuais, 71,4% dos alunos disseram já ter experimentado alguma bebida alcoólica. O consumo atual de bebida alcoólica foi de 27% e as drogas ilícitas foram usadas alguma vez na vida em 8,7%. Esses dados geram evidências para orientar a implementação de políticas públicas e realizar ações para minimizar a exposição de fatores de risco dos adolescentes brasileiros.
ABSTRACT:Objective: To describe the victimization and bullying practice in Brazilian school children, according to data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey and to compare the surveys from 2009 and 2012. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with univariate and multivariate analyzes of the following variables: to have been treated badly by colleagues, to have been bullied and to have bullied other children. The following independent variables were analyzed: age, sex, race/color, type of school, maternal education. Prevalence rates were compared between the editions of 2009 and 2012 of the survey. Results: Of all the adolescents analyzed, 27.5% have not been treated well by peers at school, with greater frequency among boys (OR = 1.50), at the age of 15 years (OR = 1.29) and 16 (OR = 1.41), public school students (OR = 2.08), black (OR = 1.18) and whose mothers had less education; 7.2% reported having been bullied, with a greater chance in younger students (13 years old), male (OR = 1.26), black (OR = 1.15) and indigenous (OR = 1.16) and whose mothers had less education; 20.8% reported to have bullied other children, with a greater chance for older students, at the age of 14 (OR = 1.08) and 15 years (OR = 1.18), male (OR = 1.87), black (OR = 1.14) and yellow (OR = 1.15), children of mothers with higher education, private school students. There was an increase of bullying in the Brazilian capitals, from 5.4 to 6.8%, between 2009 and 2012. Discussion: The occurrence of bullying reveals that the Brazilian school context is also becoming a space of reproduction of violence, in which it is crucial to act intersectorally and to articulate social protection networks, aiming to face this issue.
The aim of this study is to identify and describe the occurrence of bullying among students in the 9th year (8th grade) from public and private schools from 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. It is a cross-sectional study involving 60,973 students and 1,453 public and private schools. Data analysis indicates that 5.4% (IC95%: 5.1%-5.7%) of students reported having suffered bullying almost always or always in the last 30 days, 25.4% (IC95%: 24.8%-26.0%) were rarely or sometimes the victim of bullying and 69.2% (IC95%: 68.5%-69.8%) of students felt no humiliation or provocation at school. The capital with higher frequency of bullying was Belo Horizonte (6.9%; IC95%: 5,9%-7,9%), Minas Gerais, and the lowest was Palmas (3.5%; IC95%: 2.6%-4.5%), Tocantins. Boys reported more bullying (6,0%; IC95%: 5.5%-6.5%) compared with girls (4,8%; IC95%: 4.4%-5.3%). There was no difference between public schools 5.5% (IC95%: 5.1%-5.8%) and private (5.2%) (IC95%: 4.6%-5.8%), except in Aracaju, Sergipe, that show more bullying in private schools. The findings indicate an urgent need for intersectoral action from educational policies and practices that enforce the reduction and prevention of the occurrence of bullying in schools in Brazil.
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