Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a exposição ao tabagismo de participantes da Pes 6.3% (95%CI:5,74)

BackgroundVery few studies have examined the role of school, household and family contexts in youth smoking in middle-income countries.MethodsThis work describes smoking exposure among 59 992 high school students who took part in the Brazilian Survey of School Health and investigates contextual factors associated with regular smoking, defined as smoking cigarettes at least once in the past 30 days. The explaining variables were grouped into: socio-demographic characteristics, school context, household context and family rapport. Variables independently associated with smoking in each context were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis.Results53% of the total sample were girls, 89% were aged 13–15 years. 24% had already experimented with cigarettes, 50% before the age of 12 years. The prevalence of regular smoking was 6.3% (95% CI 5.87 to 6.74), with no sex variation. Smoking was not associated with either the mother's education or the index of household assets. In the multivariable analysis, studying at a private school, the possibility of purchasing cigarettes at school and skipping of classes without parents' consent increased the chances of smoking. In the household context, living with both parents was negatively associated with smoking, while having smoking parents and exposure to other people's smoking was positively related to smoking. In the family context, parental unawareness of what the adolescent was doing increased smoking, but having meals with the mother one or more days per week and parents' negative reactions to adolescent smoking reduced the chances of smoking.ConclusionThe results reinforce the role of school, household and family contexts in youth smoking behaviours and will help improve public health policies aimed at preventing smoking and health promotion in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate the prevalence of smoking among students and associated factors. METHODS:

Introdução: O controle do câncer do colo do útero foi definido como prioridade nas políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil, devido à sua alta incidência, morbidade e mortalidade. Objetivo: Descrever as características demográficas e clínicas da população com câncer do colo do útero no país, diagnosticada no período de 2000 a 2009. Método: Estudo observacional dos casos analíticos de câncer do colo do útero inseridos no Módulo Integrador dos Registros Hospitalares de Câncer e no Registro Hospitalar de Câncer do Estado de São Paulo. Foi realizada análise descritiva das variáveis. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do INCA sob o número 128/11. Resultados: Foram incluídos 77.317 casos. O número de casos e a distribuição proporcional dos estadiamentos foram semelhantes nos dois quinquênios analisados (2000-2004 versus 2005-2009). A média de idade ao diagnóstico foi de 49,2 anos (55,3% tinham menos de 50 anos), com predomínio de mulheres de cor parda (47,9%), com ensino fundamental incompleto (49,0%) e casadas (51,5%). O estadiamento III foi o mais frequente (29,0%) e na maioria dos casos o tipo histológico foi carcinoma (91,3%). Ao final do primeiro tratamento, 48,9% encontravam-se sem evidência de doença ou em remissão completa. Conclusão: No Brasil, mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer do colo do útero diagnosticadas entre 2000 e 2009 eram em sua maioria jovens, de cor parda, com baixa escolaridade, casadas, apresentaram estadiamento avançado ao diagnóstico e evoluíram sem evidência de doença ou para remissão completa ao final do primeiro tratamento.

Determinantes dos níveis de cotinina salivar: um estudo de base populacional no Brasil ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted to assess, in active smokers, the relationship of number of cigarettes smoked and other characteristics to salivary cotinine concentrations. METHODS:A random sample of active smokers aged 15 years or older was selected using a stepwise cluster sample strategy, in the year 2000 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study included 401 subjects. Salivary cotinine concentration was determined using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. A standard questionnaire was used to collect demographic and smoking behavioral data. The relation between the number of cigarettes smoked in the last 24h and cotinine level was examined by means of a nonparametric fi tting technique of robust locally weighted regression. RESULTS:Signifi cantly (p<0.05) higher adjusted mean cotinine levels were found in subjects smoking their fi rst cigarette within fi ve minutes after waking up, and in those smoking 1-20 cigarettes in the last 24h who reported inhaling more than ½ the time. In those smoking 1-20 cigarettes, the slope was signifi cantly higher for those subjects waiting for more than fi ve minutes before smoking their fi rst cigarette after waking up, and those smoking "light" cigarettes when compared with their counterparts. These heterogeneities became negligible and non-signifi cant when subjects with cotinine >40 ng/mL per cigarette were excluded. CONCLUSIONS:There was found a positive association between selfreporting smoking fi ve minutes after waking up, and inhaling more than ½ the time are consistent and higher cotinine levels. These can be markers of dependence and higher nicotine intake. Salivary cotinine proved to be a useful biomarker of recent smoking and can be used in epidemiological studies and smoking cessation programs.KEY WORDS: Smoking. Cotinine, pharmacokinetics. Cross-sectional studies.955 Rev Saúde Pública 2007;41(6):954-62 Nicotine has a short half-life and its major metabolite is cotinine. Cotinine has a half-life of 16-20 hours and is a useful indicator of nicotine intake from recent smoking. About 70% to 80% of nicotine absorbed into the blood stream is converted into cotinine. 5 Thus, measurement of cotinine in biological samples provides is an objective approach to identify recent smoking exposure. 5