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From Drs. Stovall and Bubolz 91 Monilia type I 92 Monilia type II 93 Monilia type III From Drs. Langeron and Talice 46 Mycotorula p8ilosis Their no. 340 44 Mycotoruloides ovali8 Their no. 296 C-70 Geotrichoides Krusei Their no. 683 49 Candida tropicalis Their no. 255 C-76 Candida parapsilosis Their no. 341 171 Blastodendrion intermedium Their no. 493 47 Mycocandida mortifera Their no. 516 From Drs. Reed and Johnstone 238 Monilia type II. 239 Monilia type III 240 Monilia type IV 242 Monilia type VI-METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION

having been suggested previously by workers in other laboratories. Since many strains were unavailable, both synonymies were based chiefly on descriptions found in the literature. The confusion caused by the use of such methods is well illustrated by Dodge (1935), who splits into 5 different genera (Syringospora, Blastodendrion, Zymonema, Castellania, and Candida), those 51 fungi in regard to which there is complete agreement between Langeron and Guerra (1938) and Ciferri et al. (1938) that they all belong to a single species albicans.In 1937 we published a method of classification based on the study of 172 strains of anascosporogenous mycelia-producing yeastlike fungi, 169 of which could be classified into one of 6 species, including a new species, Monilia stellatoidea. The methods were essentially bacteriologic in nature beginning with the streaking of a blood agar plate from a 48-hour growth in glucose broth. This blood agar plate was an essentialpart of the procedure because it not only allowed the detection of bacterial contaminants, but also enabled the observer to pick a pure smooth colony for subculture. By following a rigid technique it was found that the carbohydrate fermentations and microscopic morphology on corn meal agar were remarkably constant for each species. By thus combining many of the essential points in the identification of pathogenic bacteria, i.e., microscopic morphology, colony morphology, carbohydrate fermentations, growth in broth, agglutination and animal pathogenicity, it was possible to establish diagnostic criteria for these mycelia-producing non-ascosporogenous yeasts.Since publication of this paper, we have received, from various mycologists, numerous criticisms attacking our retention of the name "Monilia," the use of such an unusual medium as "blood agar," and the synonymy as presented in that paper. The name "Monilia" was retained by us because it is a generic name which is recognized by the clinician and the bacteriologist. We have been unable to convince ourselves that it would be worthwhile to enter into this controversy over taxonomy. Since the acceptable generic name is determined by priority of usage and the cultures studied by these early investigators are no longer 610 on July 16, 2020 by guest

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The ascomycete yeast Hansenula wingei was able to grow with nitrate, ammonium, glutamate, glutamine or hypoxanthine as sole nitrogen source. Conditions for assay of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.2; NR)and nitritereductase (EC 1 . 6 . 6 . 4 ; NiR) wereoptimized incell-freeextracts from nitrate-grown cells. N R utilized NADH and NADPH as electron donor and required FAD for maximum activity; NiR was NADPH-specific. Glutamate-grown cells possessed low levels of both enzyme activities and, of the nitrogen sources tested only nitrate was able to induce both enzyme activities above this low basal level of constitutive expression. Ammonium, glutamate and glutamine each prevented nitrate induction of the activities in glutamate-grown cells. Addition of ammonium, glutamate or glutamine to nitrate-grown cells which possessed appreciable levels of NR and NiR caused loss of activity, even if added with nitrate. Loss of both activities under these conditions occurred faster than in cells in which activity loss occurred solely due to nitrate depletion. Both increases and decreases in N R and NiR activity were dependent on protein synthesis.