The measurement and analysis of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution remain matters of fundamental importance for the characterization and physical properties of polymers. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is the most routinely used method for the molecular weight determination of polymers whereas matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a fast-emerging absolute, and therefore accurate, technique. Although NMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful tools available for polymer microstructure characterization, among others, its utility in the molecular weight analysis of polymers is somewhat underappreciated. It is a reliable and more readily available teaching tool in comparison to other known techniques, such as GPC and MALDI-TOF MS, for the molecular weight determination of polymers. Demonstrated herein are the simplicity, reproducibility, and convenience of 1H NMR spectroscopy in the analysis of polymer number-average molecular weight (M n), using α-methoxy-ω-aminopolyethylene glycol (MPEG-NH2) and α-methoxy-polyethylene glycol-block-poly-ε-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-l-lysine (MPEG-b-PLL(Z)) as model homopolymer and block copolymer, respectively. The molecular weight data from 1H NMR analysis are compared to those from GPC and MALDI-TOF MS.

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The term 'nanoclay' generically refers to the natural clay mineral, montmorillonite, with silica and alumina as the dominant constituents. The incorporation of nanoclays into polymeric systems dramatically enhances their barrier properties as well as their thermal and mechanical resistance. Consequently, nanoclays are employed in a wide range of industrial applications with recent studies reporting potential use in the modulation of drug release. With the increase in manufacturing of nanoclay-containing products, information on the toxicological and health effects of nanoclay exposure is warranted. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of two different nanoclays: the unmodified nanoclay, Cloisite Na+ ®, and the organically modified nanoclay, Cloisite 93A®, in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Following 24 h exposure the nanoclays significantly decreased cell viability. Cloisite Na+ induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation which coincided with increased cell membrane damage, whilst ROS generation did not play a role in Cloisite 93A-induced cell death. Neither of the nanoclays induced caspase-3/7 activation. Moreover, in the cell culture medium the nanoclays aggregated differently and this appeared to have an effect on their mechanisms of toxicity. Taken together, our data demonstrate that nanoclays are highly cytotoxic and as a result pose a possible risk to human health.

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