Pada awal 2020, dunia dikejutkan dengan mewabahnya pneumonia baru yang bermula dari Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei yang kemudian menyebar dengan cepat ke lebih dari 190 negara dan teritori. Wabah ini diberi nama coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) yang disebabkan oleh Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Penyebaran penyakit ini telah memberikan dampak luas secara sosial dan ekonomi. Masih banyak kontroversi seputar penyakit ini, termasuk dalam aspek penegakkan diagnosis, tata laksana, hingga pencegahan. Oleh karena itu, kami melakukan telaah terhadap studi-studi terkait COVID-19 yang telah banyak dipublikasikan sejak awal 2020 lalu sampai dengan akhir Maret 2020.
ABSTRAKPendahuluan. Insiden infeksi jamur invasif dilaporkan semakin meningkat di berbagai negara. Candida merupakan genus jamur yang paling sering menyebabkan infeksi jamur invasif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi, karakteristik klinis, dan pola sebaran spesies jamur pada pasien kandidiasis invasif (KI) dewasa.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi retrospektif, menggunakan desain potong lintang, berdasarkan data sekunder pasien sepsis yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) Jakarta sejak Januari 2012 sampai Juni 2014. Dilakukan pemilihan pasien KI berdasarkan kriteria EORTC/MSG 2008. Selanjutnya, dilakukan pencatatan data demografis, data klinis dan penunjang, diagnosis, spesies penyebab, jenis obat antifungi dan antibiotik yang diberikan, luaran klinik, serta masa rawat.Hasil. Prevalensi KI di RSCM adalah 12,3%. Dari 91 pasien, didapatkan 35 pasien termasuk kategori proven, 31 pasien probable dan 25 pasien possible. Manifestasi klinik KI yang paling sering adalah kandidemia, dengan penyebab utama Candida albicans. Rerata usia pasien 47,9 tahun, didominasi oleh pasien medis yang dirawat di ruang rawat biasa, nonneutropenia, dan menderita syok sepsis. Kebanyakan pasien menderita keganasan yang seringkali disertai infeksi paru, sedangkan piranti medik yang paling sering digunakan adalah kateter urin. Umumnya, pasien mendapat antibiotik Sefalosporin generasi tiga, sedangkan antifungi yang paling sering digunakan adalah flukonazol. Sebanyak 44% pasien KI tidak mendapatkan pengobatan antifungi sistemik. Tingkat mortalitas pasien KI didapatkan sebesar 64.8% dan median masa rawat total adalah 27 hari.Simpulan. Prevalensi kandidiasis invasif sebesar 12,3% dengan mortalitas yang cukup tinggi dan C. albicans merupakan spesies yang paling sering ditemukan.
Background:The incidence of invasive fungal disease (IFD) is increasing worldwide in the past two to three decades. Critically ill patients in Intensive Care Units are more vulnerable to fungal infection. Early detection and treatment are important to decrease morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients.Objective:Our study aimed to assess factors associated with early IFD in critically ill patients.Materials and Methods:This prospective cohort study was conducted in critically ill patients, from March to September 2015. Total number of patients (74) in this study was drawn based on one of the risk factors (human immunodeficiency virus). Specimens were collected on day 5–7 of hospitalization. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was performed for factors, with P < 0.25 in bivariate analysis.Results:Two hundred and six patients were enrolled in this study. Seventy-four patients were with IFD, majority were males (52.7%), mean age was 58 years (range 18–79), mean Leon's score was 3 (score range 2–5), majority group was nonsurgical/nontrauma (72.9%), and mean fungal isolation was positive on day 5. Candida sp. (92.2%) is the most frquently isolated fungal infection. Urine culture yielded the highest number of fungal isolates (70.1%). Mortality rate in this study was 50%. In multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus (DM) (P = 0.018, odds ratio 2.078, 95% confidence interval 1.135–3.803) was found as an independent factor associated with early IFD critically ill patients.Conclusion:DM is a significant factor for the incidence of early IFD in critically ill patients.
Pendahuluan. Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) adalah masalah besar yang mengancam Indonesia dan banyak negara di seluruh dunia. Pengetahuan tentang karakteristik dan prediktor mortalitas dapat membantu dalam penatalaksanaan pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor prediktor mortalitas pasien HIV/AIDS dewasa yang dirawat di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM).Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif pada pasien rawat inap dewasa RSCM yang didiagnosis HIV/ AIDS selama tahun 2011-2013. Data klinis dan laboratorium beserta status luaran (meninggal atau hidup) dan penyebab mortalitas selama perawatan diperoleh dari rekam medis. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square dilakukan pada tujuh variabel prognostik, yaitu jenis kelamin laki-laki, tidak dari rumah sakit rujukan, tidak pernah/putus terapi antiretroviral (ARV), stadium klinis WHO 4, kadar hemoglobin <10 g/dL, kadar eGFR <60 mL/min/1,73 m2 dan kadar CD4+ absolut ≤200 sel/ μL. Variabel yang memenuhi syarat akan disertakan pada analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik.Hasil. Dari 606 pasien HIV/AIDS dewasa yang dirawat inap (median usia 32 tahun; laki-laki 64,2%), sebanyak 122 (20,1%) baru terdiagnosis HIV selama rawat dan 251 (41,5%) dalam terapi ARV. Median lama rawat adalah 11 (rentang 2 sampai 75) hari. Sebanyak 425 (70,1%) pasien dirawat karena infeksi oportunistik. Mortalitas selama perawatan sebesar 23,4% dengan mayoritas penyebabnya (92,3%) terkait AIDS. Prediktor independen mortalitas yang bermakna adalah stadium klinis WHO 4 (OR=6,440; IK 95% 3,701-11,203), kadar hemoglobin <10 g/dL (OR=1,542; IK 95% 1,015-2,343) dan laju filtrasi glomerulus (LFG) estimasi <60 mL/min/1,73 m2 (OR=3,414; IK 95% 1,821-6,402).Simpulan. Proporsi mortalitas selama perawatan sebesar 23,4%. Stadium klinis WHO 4, kadar hemoglobin <10 g/dL dan kadar eLFG <60 mL/min/1,73 m2 merupakan prediktor independen mortalitas pasien HIV/AIDS dewasa saat rawat inap.Kata kunci: HIV/AIDS, prediktor mortalitas Predictors of Mortality in Hospitalized HIV/AIDS PatientsIntroduction. Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a big problem that threatening in Indonesia and many countries in the world. The knowledge on the characteristics and prediction of outcome were important for patients management. There are no studies on the predictors of mortality in Indonesia. Methods. We performed a retrospective cohort study among hospitalized patients with HIV/AIDS in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital between 2011-2013. Datas on clinical, laboratory measurement, outcome (mortality) and causes of death during hospitalization were gathered from medical records. Bivariate analysis using Chi- Square test were used to evaluate seven prognostic factors (male sex, not came from referral hospital, never received/failed to continue antiretroviral therapy (ART), clinical WHO stage 4, hemoglobin level <10 g/dL, eGFR level <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and CD4+ count ≤200 cell/μL). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality. Results. Among 606 hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients (median age 32 years; 64.2% males), 122 (20.1%) were newly diagnosed with HIV infection during the hospitalization and 251 (41.5%) had previously received ART. Median length of stay was 11 (range 2 to 75) days. There were 425 (70.1%) patients being hospitalized due to opportunistic infection. In-hospital mortality rate was 23.4% with majority (92.3%) due to AIDS related illnesses. The independent predictors of mortality in multivariate analysis were clinical WHO stage 4 (OR=6.440; 95% CI 3.701-11.203), hemoglobin level <10 g/dL (OR=1.542; 95% CI 1.015- 2.343) and eGFR level <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (OR=3.414; 95% CI 1.821-6.402). Conclusions. In-hospital mortality rate was 23.4%. Clinical WHO stage 4, hemoglobin level <10 g/dL and eGFR level <60 mL/ min/1.73 m2 were the independent predictors of in-hospital mortality among hospitalized patients with HIV/AIDS. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, predictors of mortality
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