Most flowering plants rely on pollinators for their reproduction. Plant-pollinator interactions, although mutualistic, involve an inherent conflict of interest between both partners and may constrain plant mating systems at multiple levels: the immediate ecological plant selfing rates, their distribution in and contribution to pollination networks, and their evolution. Here, we review experimental evidence that pollinator behaviour influences plant selfing rates in pairs of interacting species, and that plants can modify pollinator behaviour through plastic and evolutionary changes in floral traits. We also examine how theoretical studies include pollinators, implicitly or explicitly, to investigate the role of their foraging behaviour in plant mating system evolution. In doing so, we call for more evolutionary models combining ecological and genetic factors, and additional experimental data, particularly to describe pollinator foraging behaviour. Finally, we show that recent developments in ecological network theory help clarify the impact of community-level interactions on plant selfing rates and their evolution and suggest new research avenues to expand the study of mating systems of animal-pollinated plant species to the level of the plant-pollinator networks.

The mode of pollination is often neglected regarding the evolution of selfing. Yet the distribution of mating systems seems to depend on the mode of pollination, and pollinators are likely to interfere with selfing evolution, since they can cause strong selective pressures on floral traits. Most selfing species reduce their investment in reproduction, and display smaller flowers, with less nectar and scents (referred to as selfing syndrome). We model the evolution of prior selfing when it affects both the demography of plants and pollinators and the investment of plants in pollination. Including the selfing syndrome in the model allows to predict several outcomes: plants can evolve either toward complete outcrossing, complete selfing, or to a stable mixed-mating system, even when inbreeding depression is high. We predict that the evolution to high prior selfing could lead to evolutionary suicides, highlighting the importance of merging demography and evolution in models. The consequence of the selfing syndrome on plant-pollinator interactions could be a widespread mechanism driving the evolution of selfing in animal-pollinated taxa. K E Y W O R D S :Adaptive Dynamics, demography, inbreeding depression, mixed-mating, pleiotropy, selfing syndrome.Flowering plants exhibit a great diversity in mating systems, ranging from obligate outcrossing to complete selfing through mixed-mating species (simultaneous selfing and outcrossing). The recurrent transitions from outcrossing to selfing, despite negative effects of selfing on long-term diversification (Igic and Busch 2013;Wright et al. 2013), have motivated numerous empirical and theoretical studies Busch and Delph 2012). Seminal studies have investigated how the genetic implications of self-pollination should impact the evolution of selfing. On the one hand, selfers benefit from a 50% transmission advantage of their genome compared to outcrossers, known as the "automatic transmission advantage" (Fisher 1941): selfers transmit two copies of their genes through their own seeds and one copy through pollen export, whereas outcrossers transmit only one copy through their own seeds, and one copy through pollen export. On the other hand, inbreeding depression is assumed to prevent the evolution of selfing because of a reduction of fitness in selfed offspring compared to outcrossed ones (Charlesworth 2006). More recently, theoretical studies have started to consider the impact of several ecological mechanisms of pollination on selfing evolution, such as pollen limitation (Holsinger 1991;Cheptou 2004;, pleiotropic effects of selfing on viability or fertility components (e.g., pollen discounting: Lloyd 1992; Harder and Wilson 1998;Johnston et al. 2009;Jordan and Otto 2012; or simultaneous increase in the number of selfed and outcrossed ovules: Johnston et al. 2009) and indirect effect of floral display on geitonogamous self-pollination (Devaux et al. 2014a). Because they predict that mixed-mating systems can be evolutionarily stable under some conditions, such models allow a be...

9Genetic data are often used to infer history, demographic changes or detect genes under se-10 lection. Inferential methods are commonly based on models making various strong assumptions: 11 demography and population structures are supposed a priori known, the evolution of the genetic 12 composition of a population does not affect demography nor population structure, and there is no 13 selection nor interaction between and within genetic strains. In this paper, we present a stochastic 14 birth-death model with competitive interaction to describe an asexual population, and we develop 15 an inferential procedure for ecological, demographic and genetic parameters. We first show how genetic diversity and genealogies are related to birth and death rates, and to how individuals com-17 pete within and between strains. This leads us to propose an original model of phylogenies, with 18 trait structure and interactions, that allows multiple merging. Second, we develop an Approxi-19 mate Bayesian Computation framework to use our model for analyzing genetic data. We apply 20 our procedure to simulated and real data. We show that the procedure give accurate estimate of 21 the parameters of the model. We finally carry an illustration on real data and analyze the genetic 22 diversity of microsatellites on Y-chromosomes sampled from Central Asia populations in order to 23 test whether different social organizations show significantly different fertility. 24