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The LEE may be a useful tool in the study of interpersonal processes and depression, both in clinical and research settings.

THE NETHERLANDSABSTRACT -Background and objectives: The Experiences in Close Relationships scale (ECR) is much used in adult attachment research. In this study we examined: the psychometric properties of the Dutch ECR in comparison with the original American ECR; the claim of orthogonality of its scales Avoidance and Anxiety; and a broader applicability of the ECR, because much research is restricted to psychology student samples.Methods: In Study 1 we investigated the ECR's internal structure by means of confirmative factor analysis in the American psychology student sample in which the ECR was originally validated. We compared these findings with the results of factor analyses in: a Dutch psychology student sample to test whether the Dutch translation yields comparable results; and a Dutch general population sample to evaluate the supposed orthogonality and to determine a broader applicability of the ECR. In Study 2 we evaluated aspects of the external validity of the ECR.Results: Confirmative factor analysis supports the original two factor structure in both Dutch samples, although less clear in the population sample. As opposed to both student INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF THE EXPERIENCES IN CLOSE... 259 General introductionEver since Bowlby postulated insecure infant-caregiver attachment as a vulnerability factor in the development of psychopathology 1,2,3,4 , researchers have been trying to capture the attachment construct in various theories and measurement methods. Two research traditions are discernable: research on infantcaregiver attachment, of which Ainsworth and Main are important representatives, and the adult attachment tradition. The latter started with Hazan and Shaver who broadened the attachment concept by rephrasing Ainsworth's original threefold typology of infant-caregiver attachment and applied it to current adult romantic relationships 5 . After that, a bewildering variety of adult attachment typologies, adult attachment-related constructs, and measurement instruments, like numerous self-reports, were developed 6 .Amidst of this diversity Bartholomew returned to Bowlby's original conceptualization of two working models which were supposed to underlie adult attachment. The two dimensional working models are: (1) model of self, or one's expectation of being perceived by attachment figures as acceptable or lovable; and (2) model of other, or a person's expectation of the accessibility and responsiveness of attachment figures to one's needs. Based on the logical combination of these two bi-polar working models, she criticized Hazan and Shaver's threefold typology and instead proposed four attachment prototypes 7,8,9 . These are: Secure (positive models of self and other), Preoccupied (negative model of self and positive model of other), Dismissing (positive model of self and negative model of other), and Fearful (negative models of self and other).In these years empirical support emerged for the existence of the fundamental bidimensional structure underlying attachment from analyses of da...

Srull and Wyer (1979) demonstrated that exposing participants to more hostility-related stimuli caused them subsequently to interpret ambiguous behaviors as more hostile. In their Experiment 1, participants descrambled sets of words to form sentences. In one condition, 80% of the descrambled sentences described hostile behaviors, and in another condition, 20% described hostile behaviors. Following the descrambling task, all participants read a vignette about a man named Donald who behaved in an ambiguously hostile manner and then rated him on a set of personality traits. Next, participants rated the hostility of various ambiguously hostile behaviors (all ratings on scales from 0 to 10). Participants who descrambled mostly hostile sentences rated Donald and the ambiguous behaviors as approximately 3 scale points more hostile than did those who descrambled mostly neutral sentences. This Registered Replication Report describes the results of 26 independent replications (N = 7,373 in the total sample; k = 22 labs and N = 5,610 in the

When the factor structure and psychometric qualities of the Level of Expressed Emotion scale, an instrument intended to assess patient's perceptions of expressed emotion, were evaluated, three moderately intercorrelated factors emerged, with good internal consistency; these were lack of emotional support, intrusiveness/control, and irritability. This did not quite correspond to the a priori scales described in the original version. As in the original LEE, the three factors add to a total score intended to measure 'perceived expressed emotion'.