Anxiety, depression, and perception of early parenting: a meta-analysis

Gerlsma, Coby; Emmelkamp, P.M.G.; Arrindell, Willem A.

doi:10.1016/0272-7358(90)90062-f

Cited by 290 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The Overprotection factor is defined äs control, Overprotection, excessive contact, intrusion, infantilization, and prevention of independent behavior. The PBI Care factor and the EMBU Emotional Warmth factor measure a similar construct, termed Affection by Gerlsma et al (1990). This factor refers to affection, empathy, and closeness, and will be included for exploratory purposes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agoraphobia and anxious-ambivalent attachment: An integrative review

Ruiter

IJzendoorn

1992

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agoraphobia and anxious-ambivalent attachment: An integrative review

Ruiter

IJzendoorn

1992

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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“…There is a vast literature now on the potential role of childrearing in the development of anxiety. The majority of these studies have compared anxious and non-anxious adults with regard to the recollection of their upbringing (see for reviews Gerlsma et al [13] and Rapee [14]). In these studies it was consistently demonstrated that greater anxiety is associated with more parental control (often referred to as 'overprotection') and less warmth (also referred to as 'more rejection').…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these studies it was consistently demonstrated that greater anxiety is associated with more parental control (often referred to as 'overprotection') and less warmth (also referred to as 'more rejection'). The research of parenting and psychopathology through the recollection of adult patients was limited by its retrospective design, which could lead to distortions by faulty recall [13]. This has led to the recommendation to validate this line of work with an emphasis on cross-sectional or prospective designs [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childrearing Style of Anxiety-Disordered Parents

Lindhout

Markus

Hoogendijk

et al. 2006

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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This study investigated whether anxiety-disordered (AD) parents differ in their childrearing style from non-disordered parents. A clinical sample of 36 AD parents with children aged 6-18 was compared with a normal control sample of 36 parents. Childrearing was assessed through parent report and child report. The results demonstrated significant differences in childrearing style between AD parents and non-disordered control parents, both from the perspective of the parent and from that of the child. AD parents reported a less nurturing and more restrictive rearing style than control parents. Their children did not report more rejection or less warmth than children of control parents; they did, however, report significantly more overprotection than children of control parents. The findings, from parental as well as child reports, apply to both AD mothers and AD fathers.

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“…Most of these studies used questionnaire-based measures (parent and/or child report) to assess parenting behaviors. It was found that childhood anxiety is associated with a parenting style characterized by high parental control and low parental warmth (see Gerlsma et al 1990;McLeod et al 2007; Rapee 1997; for reviews). Observational studies also indicated that parents of anxious children exhibit significantly more control and less positive affect during their interactions with their children (Barrett et al 1996; Dumas et al 1995;Greco and Morris 2002;Hudson and Rapee 2001;Krohne and Hock 1991;Siqueland et al 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of maternal panic disorder on mother–child interaction and relation to child anxiety and child self-efficacy

Schneider

Houweling

Gommlich-Schneider

et al. 2009

Arch Womens Ment Health

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To determine whether mothers with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia interacted differently with their children than normal control mothers, 86 mothers and their adolescents (aged between 13 and 23 years) were observed during a structured play situation. Maternal as well as adolescent anxiety status was assessed according to a structured diagnostic interview. Results showed that mothers with panic disorder/agoraphobia showed more verbal control, were more criticizing and less sensitive during mother-child interaction than mothers without current mental disorders. Moreover, more conflicts were observed between mother and child dyadic interactions when the mother suffered from panic disorder. The comparison of parenting behaviors among anxious and nonanxious children did not reveal any significant differences. These findings support an association between parental over-control and rejection and maternal but not child anxiety and suggest that particularly mother anxiety status is an important determinant of parenting behavior. Finally, an association was found between children's perceived self-efficacy, parental control and child anxiety symptoms.Keywords: Maternal panic disorder, Mother-child interaction, Parenting, Child anxiety, Perceived self-efficacy 2 Although there has been extensive research into developing a more refined understanding of the nature and maintenance of panic disorder/agoraphobia, little attention has been given to the understanding of its origins. Since there is a high familial transmission of panic disorder (e.g. Weissman 1993), one area worthy of exploration is the potential influence of parenting factors in the development of panic disorder/agoraphobia. This aspect in the etiology of panic disorder/agoraphobia was emphasized very early on by Goldstein and Chambless (1978). More recently, Bouton et al. (2001) stated, in their learning theory on the etiology of panic disorder, that early experiences with excessive control and overprotection (e.g. parents who do not respond to their children's needs, requests, and initiatives in a consistent manner) may produce a sense of lack of control and mastery over children's environments and that this may serve as a psychological vulnerability factor for panic disorder and anxiety disorders in general. However, there is a paucity of empirical research examining this possibility. So far studies investigating this question in panic disorder used retrospective data gathered by questionnaires and mainly focused on the two principal parenting dimensions suggested by Bowlby (1977), namely "care" (i.e.caring versus indifference/rejection) and "over-protection" (i.e. control/overprotection versus autonomy granting and independence). These studies consistently showed that patients with panic disorder/agoraphobia described their parents as less caring than did normal controls (e.g. Arrindell et al. 1983;Arrindell et al. 1989;Parker 1979). However, results for 'over-protection' are inconsistent, with some studies reporting more over-protection by both p...

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Anxiety, depression, and perception of early parenting: a meta-analysis

Cited by 290 publications

References 101 publications

Agoraphobia and anxious-ambivalent attachment: An integrative review

Agoraphobia and anxious-ambivalent attachment: An integrative review

Childrearing Style of Anxiety-Disordered Parents

Effect of maternal panic disorder on mother–child interaction and relation to child anxiety and child self-efficacy

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