Introduction: The number of female residents in orthopaedic surgery is rising; however, orthopaedics currently has the lowest percentage of women among all medical specialties. The Hirsch index (h-index) is a metric used to determine research productivity, an important factor for academic promotion in the field of orthopaedics. The purpose of this study was to compare research productivity (using the h-index) among male and female orthopaedic surgeons at academic residency programs within the United States. Methods: The websites for all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited orthopaedic surgery residency programs in the United States were evaluated and the following information was collected: geographic region of the institution, sex, specialty, academic rank, and institutional leadership positions of faculty members. The h-index for each faculty member was collected from the Web of Science Database. Results: H-indices of 4,323 academic orthopaedic surgeons from 160 residency programs in the United States were collected. In total, 1,587 faculty members were assistant professors (220, 13.9% women), 839 were associate professors (91, 10.8% women), 902 were professors (50, 5.5% women), and academic rank was not specified for 991 (74, 7.5% women). One hundred forty-three faculty members held the position of department chair (2, 1.4% women) and 701 were division chiefs (58, 8.3% women). In geographic regions with a greater proportion of female orthopaedic faculty members, women had greater research productivity. Among Department Chairs, associate professors, and professors there was no difference in research productivity between male and female academic orthopaedic surgeons. By contrast, among assistant professors, there was a significant difference in research productivity. Conclusion: A higher proportion of female faculty in an orthopaedic department was positively associated with increased female research productivity. Female faculty at the highest ranks and leadership positions are as academically productive as their male counterparts. Despite similar research productivity, female orthopaedic surgeons are not nearly as well represented as their male counterparts in orthopaedics in general and in leadership positions within the field. In addition, a significantly smaller research productivity among female assistant professors disappears at the higher ranks in comparison to their male counterparts. This indicates a critical gap in factors that influence research productivity according to sex at the most junior faculty rank. Level of Evidence: Level III

In 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic limited musculoskeletal care to urgent or “nonelective” office visits and procedures. No guidelines exist to inform patients or physicians what meets these criteria. The purpose of this multi-institutional study was to describe the differences in perceptions of urgency for musculoskeletal complaints between patients and providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. An anonymous survey was distributed to patients who visited the authors' orthopedic clinics in January and February 2020 and practicing orthopedic surgeons. The surveys were administered in May 2020 after COVID-19 was officially labeled a pandemic and included questions regarding demographic information and perceptions of orthopedic urgency. A total of 1491 patients and 128 physicians completed the surveys. A significantly higher percentage of physicians considered the following diagnoses an appropriate indication for an urgent visit compared with patients: fracture ( P <.001), acute dislocation ( P <.001), infection ( P <.001), neurologic compromise ( P <.001), tumor ( P <.001), acute tendon injury ( P <.001), weakness ( P <.001), inability to bear weight ( P <.001), post-surgical problem ( P <.001), and painful joint effusion ( P <.001). There were no significant differences in the perception of urgency for the following conditions: bursitis/tendonitis ( P =1.00), joint/extremity deformity without pain ( P =.113), and loss of range of motion of a joint ( P =.467). Younger patients and those with higher levels of education were significantly more likely to consider their conditions urgent. Patients may require additional education to prevent delay in treatment of urgent conditions—especially time-sensitive conditions such as neurologic compromise, tumors, and infections—when access to physicians is limited. [ Orthopedics . 2021;44(4):e534–e538.]