The recurrence of inter-ethnic conflicts is mainly attributed the socio-economic constraints and deprivations that make disgruntled communities turn against one another in the efforts to get the kind of services they believe that they deserve. This is a common phenomenon globally and also in Kenya. There are a number of social and economic issues surrounding inter-ethnic conflicts in Nyakach and Sigowet Sub-counties of Western Kenya that have made communities get involved in the inter-ethnic conflicts regularly. The study investigated the nexus between the socio-economic environment and recurrence of inter-ethnic conflicts in Nyakach and Sigowet Sub-counties of Western Kenya. The study aim at examining the relationship between the socio-economic environment and the recurrent inter-ethnic conflicts in area of study. The results of the study therefore, show the connection between following socio-economic factors and conflicts; the socio-economic activities, distribution of economic resources and opportunities, Politicization of ethnicity and political exclusion, socio-cultural perceptions and Stereotypes, and the socio-economic drivers of conflicts including poverty, youth unemployment, ethnic mistrust and land and boundary issues.

Student conflicts in secondary schools are one of the most common challenges faced in the 21st century in the modern world. Kenya has faced several incidents of student conflicts in Secondary schools mainly attributed to the cases of indiscipline and conflicts among students in the schools. In Kericho County, several incidences of student conflicts have been witnessed in the different schools, which have caused widespread material losses and other social impacts. The Specific objective was to examine the nature of Student Unrest in secondary schools in Kericho County. The study was underpinned by participative leadership theory and the functionalism theory. The study utilized the evaluation research design. The study was conducted in Kericho County. The study targetedthe following categories of respondents; students, teachers, school principals or head teachers, School boards of management, County director of education and Sub-county directors of education in Kericho county. Only 14% of the respondents agreed that there have been incidences of unrest in their schools within the last 3 years. However, this number is high considering the harm that the unrest causes. Manifestation of student unrest is usually through burning of dorms, fighting among students, boycotting classes, theft of school property, refusing punishment, bullying and striking against school administration. The causes of students include changes in government policies, poor administrative skills, congestion, inadequate and poor food quality, social media and political agitations.

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The final goal of any university is to create a productive, collaborative and smooth environment for positive learning outcomes. However, there are cases where students are engaged in some conflicts that create impediments in their day-to-day educational performances. In order to manage persistent student conflicts in universities, both government and university administration have come up with various peace programmes.  Statistics indicate that the number of students conflicts have increased from 0.9% in the 1990s to 7.5% in the last decade. Therefore, this study investigated opportunities and challenges in peace programmes employed in managing of student conflicts in public universities in Western Kenya. The study adopted descriptive survey and evaluation research design and based in selected universities in Western, Kenya. The study targeted students, academic staff and non-academic staff from the four universities within Western Kenya. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire and interview guides as well as focus group discussions. Data was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Apart from students, other actors in student conflicts are staff, administration, politicians, community and police. The main cause of student conflicts was university policies. The effectiveness of peace programs in managing of student conflicts was at 23.9%. The overall conclusion of the study is that effectiveness of existing peace programmes is not adequate to manage student conflicts in public university in Kenya due to challenges, however, exploiting the opportunities can enhance their effectiveness. The study recommended that early conflict warning signs, often noticeable in their very nature should not be treated laggingly and reactively but proactively to lessen the nature they take in the end.

This paper offers a philosophical interpretation of belief in the spirits of the dead in Africa, with a view to identifying rational grounds for accepting or rejecting them. This endeavour is premised on the view that in this rapidly changing world, philosophy should inquire not only in to theoretical problems, but also into practical ones. Plato and Aristotle's theories of the soul being some of the most carefully discussed philosophical theories on immortality or lack of it, will provide the background of deliberation in this paper.