and anthropology, maseno university, private bag 40105, maseno, Kenya 2 Dept. of disaster intervention and humanitarian assistance, masinde muliro university of science and technology, 50100, Kakamega,

Student conflicts in secondary schools are one of the most common challenges faced in the 21st century in the modern world. Kenya has faced several incidents of student conflicts in Secondary schools mainly attributed to the cases of indiscipline and conflicts among students in the schools. In Kericho County, several incidences of student conflicts have been witnessed in the different schools, which have caused widespread material losses and other social impacts. The Specific objective was to examine the nature of Student Unrest in secondary schools in Kericho County. The study was underpinned by participative leadership theory and the functionalism theory. The study utilized the evaluation research design. The study was conducted in Kericho County. The study targetedthe following categories of respondents; students, teachers, school principals or head teachers, School boards of management, County director of education and Sub-county directors of education in Kericho county. Only 14% of the respondents agreed that there have been incidences of unrest in their schools within the last 3 years. However, this number is high considering the harm that the unrest causes. Manifestation of student unrest is usually through burning of dorms, fighting among students, boycotting classes, theft of school property, refusing punishment, bullying and striking against school administration. The causes of students include changes in government policies, poor administrative skills, congestion, inadequate and poor food quality, social media and political agitations.

Health for all by the year 2000 was an objective by the World Health Assembly in 1979 following the International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978.Follow-ups to this declaration indicated that, this objective was not realised because of the strategy used, which mainly focused on the delivery of the health services and on the role of the health sector in improving health outcomes. World Health Organization (WHO) and other member states have acknowledged that the social factors responsible for persisting inequalities in health in society are poverty, limited national resources, lack of education, population increase, poor sanitation and lack of awareness of the importance of health. There is also abundant evidence that major determinants of health lie outside the health sector and consequently, health cannot be achieved in isolation from other sectors. Despite the fact that most governments are making an effort to achieve health for all, the prevalence of typhoid fever is still very high. The objective of the study was to investigate the cultural factors that impact on the management of typhoid fever in Bungoma County. Descriptive survey research design was used. The target population was 876,491, 42 health staff and 16 village elders. Multi-stage, stratified, snowball, purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the study samples. Data collection instruments were interview schedules, observations, and focus group discussions. Data was analysed using the descriptive statistics. Culture was found to impact on the management of the fever. The study recommended that the health sector should work with other sectors in the management of typhoid fever since the determinants of health and hence typhoid lie outside the health sector.

Wars and conflicts decide political boundaries, move populations around the world, define political debates, and generally affect just about everything in our societies. Violence is widespread and can be tapped for a variety of reasons, including but not exclusively, election victory. Since the inception of multiparty system in 1992, there has been high volatile political environment in regions that have multiple ethnic composition. The study sought to evaluate the strategies employed in the management of inter-ethnic conflicts occasioned by national elections in Nakuru County, Kenya between 1992 and 2017. The study was anchored on Democratic theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. This study targeted the house hold heads of Kuresoi North and Molo sub-counties. The study population included government officials, security personnel, CSOs officials, opinion leaders, religious leaders and youth group representatives. A total sample of 427 was used. Data collection tools adopted were questionnaire, FGDs and interview guides. The study employed both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and results presented in form of charts, graphs, and tables for quantitative data and in narrative reports and verbatim quotations for qualitative data, the study concluded that the state which is the lead agency in conflict management has shifted from macro-level focus to micro-level intervention through local government institutions.

The final goal of any university is to create a productive, collaborative and smooth environment for positive learning outcomes. However, there are cases where students are engaged in some conflicts that create impediments in their day-to-day educational performances. In order to manage persistent student conflicts in universities, both government and university administration have come up with various peace programmes.  Statistics indicate that the number of students conflicts have increased from 0.9% in the 1990s to 7.5% in the last decade. Therefore, this study investigated opportunities and challenges in peace programmes employed in managing of student conflicts in public universities in Western Kenya. The study adopted descriptive survey and evaluation research design and based in selected universities in Western, Kenya. The study targeted students, academic staff and non-academic staff from the four universities within Western Kenya. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire and interview guides as well as focus group discussions. Data was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Apart from students, other actors in student conflicts are staff, administration, politicians, community and police. The main cause of student conflicts was university policies. The effectiveness of peace programs in managing of student conflicts was at 23.9%. The overall conclusion of the study is that effectiveness of existing peace programmes is not adequate to manage student conflicts in public university in Kenya due to challenges, however, exploiting the opportunities can enhance their effectiveness. The study recommended that early conflict warning signs, often noticeable in their very nature should not be treated laggingly and reactively but proactively to lessen the nature they take in the end.