Some antipsychotic drugs are metabolized in the liver, leading to active metabolites. These metabolites can maintain the effect of the original substrate or display different pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties, and that can be translated by a different profile of responses and interactions to clinical level. Among these is risperidone, whose active metabolite, 9-OH-risperidone, is known as paliperidone and has been marketed as such.In this review, we analyze the differential pharmacological aspects between risperidone and paliperidone, both from the pharmacokinetic (bioavailability, effect of CYP450 and P-glycoprotein, etc.) and pharmacodynamic perspectives (affinity for dopaminergic and/or serotonergic receptors, speed of dissociation from dopamine receptors, serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor occupancy>D 2 , etc.) as well as differential electrophysiological profile and neuroprotective role. The pharmacological differences between the two drugs could explain the differential clinical response exhibited by schizophrenic patients treated with both agents, as well as some differences in tolerability profile and drug interactions.

Background:We carried out a bibliometric study on the scientific publications on atypical antipsychotic drugs (AADs) from India. Methods: Using the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases, we performed the selection of documents produced in India. We applied bibliometric indicators of production and dispersion, namely Price's law on the increase of scientific literature and Bradford's law, respectively. We also calculated the participation index (PI) of different countries. The bibliometric data have also been correlated with relevant social and health data from India (including total per capita expenditure on health and gross domestic expenditure on research and development). Results: In this study, we identified 639 original documents published between 1998 and 2013 from India. Our results indicated fulfilment of Price's law (correlation coefficient r = 0.9619 after exponential adjustment vs. r = 0.9382 after linear adjustment). The most widely studied AADs were olanzapine (173 documents), clozapine (117), risperidone (100) and quetiapine (65). Publications appeared in 221 different journals, with only 4 of the top 10 journals having an impact factor greater than 2. Division into Bradford zones yielded a nucleus occupied by the Indian Journal of Psychiatry (53 articles). It is remarkable that the 27.38% of the production is devoted to "medical/pharmaceutical chemistry" field. India has the largest ratio PI AAD / PI Psychiatry and Neurology in the world's 12 most productive countries in biomedicine and health sciences. Conclusions: The publications on AADs in India have undergone exponential growth over the studied period, without evidence of reaching a saturation point.

La conceptualización de la melancolía como una corrupción de las "pasiones" (emociones o sentimientos) ha sido una constante a lo largo de la historia de la medicina y de la psicología. René Descartes dedicó su última obra publicada en vida (El Tratado de las Pasiones del Alma, 1649) a este tópico y definió las pasiones como movimientos sensibles experimentados por el alma como consecuencia de su unión con el cuerpo. El alma, en esta teoría neuropsicofisiológica, se encontraría localizada en la glándula pineal, desde donde participaría activamente dirigiendo el funcionalismo de la "maquina humana" y controlando sus disfunciones, mediante la convección de los espíritus animales. Para Descartes, los diferentes temperamentos humanos eran consecuencia de las propiedades de los espíritus animales (cantidad, consistencia y nivel de agitación). En este punto, la tristeza es considerada como una "de las seis pasiones puras del alma", que cuando no se logra corregir deriva en melancolía. Los postulados cartesianos ejercieron una gran influencia en la forma de entender la patología mental hasta el siglo XVIII.

Desafortunadamente, los trastornos de personalidad han sido excluidos habitualmente de los ensayos farmacológicos por problemas conceptuales o de medida. Esta falta de estudios, más que la existencia de evidencia negativa, ha llevado a que tradicionalmente se haya considerado que los sujetos con un trastorno de personalidad no se pudieran beneficiar de un adecuado tratamiento farmacológico. En este trabajo, revisaremos los correlatos neurobiológicos de los tres clusters de trastornos de personalidad aceptados en el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales. Consideraremos la acción de los psicofármacos en los trastornos de personalidad desde dos enfoques clásicos: una concepción diagnóstica o categorial, que propone que la medicación trata el trastorno en sí mismo; y otra, la adoptada en este artículo, sintomatológica o dimensional. Esta visión, propone que la medicación trata clusters de síntomas. Desde este punto de vista se revisa el tratamiento de cuatro grandes dimensiones relacionadas con los trastornos de personalidad: la organización cognitivo-perceptiva, la conducta impulsiva-agresiva, la inestabilidad afectiva y la dimensión inhibición-ansiedad. Finalmente, hemos realizado un análisis bibliométrico sobre las herramientas farmacológicas empleadas en los diferentes trastornos de personalidad en los estudios clínicos publicados en la literatura científica.

EditorialAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the neuropsychiatric conditions that has received most attention in the scientific literature in the last years [1], and is the most widespread problem in developmental neurology and one of the commonest reasons for neuropaediatric consultations. The prevalence of this disorder is generally accepted to be around 5-6% in children of school age (range 4-12%) [2]. 2. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA (2007) The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 164: 942-948. Lakhan SE, Kirchgessner A (2012) Prescription stimulants in individualswith and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects. Brain Behav 2: 661-677. [No authors listed] (1999)A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA