Giardia duodenalis genotypes and Cryptosporidium species were studied in humans and free-ranging animals living in closed enclaves in Côte d'Ivoire. Three hundred and seven stool samples were tested from humans, and 47 from freely roaming domestic animals (dogs, goats, ducks, chickens). Molecular characterization of the isolates was performed by sequence analysis of a portion of the SSU-rDNA for Giardia and the COWP gene for Cryptosporidium, and a β-giardin SYBR-green real-time PCR was also used to confirm the assignment of Giardia isolates to Assemblages. In humans, genotyping of Giardia assigned many of the sequences (43/56 by the SSU-rDNA gene, and 36/61 by the β-giardin gene) to Assemblage B. The animal species harboured only zoonotic Assemblages A and B, except for dogs, in which host specific Assemblages C and D were also detected. Cryptosporidium meleagridis, C. parvum and C. hominis were detected in humans, while among the animals only chickens were found positive for oocysts, identified as C. meleagridis and C. parvum. The results provide further evidence about the role of free-ranging domestic animals living closely with humans in the environmental dissemination and potential transmission of these anthropozoonotic pathogens to humans.

Safety and quality in sport environments are ruled by regulations and supported by monitoring tools. An integrated approach to assess environmental air quality in sport facilities can impact on wellness and promote physical activity and healthy life styles in different recreational settings. We review the national and international regulations of indoor air quality in gyms and pools. A field survey was performed in sport facilities using standardized monitoring techniques. Data on air microbiology and thermal comfort were compared with individual perception by a questionnaire. The results obtained are in accordance with other studies and did not reveal major health hazards. However, it is desirable to implement air exchange and monitor microclimate parameters in these facilities. The indoor air quality complies with the national standards for non-industrial premises. The questionnaires showed a general satisfaction for safety and hygiene levels. In conclusion, we provide a state of the art on regulations and environmental markers in sport plants, suggesting an integrated approach for surveillance based on laboratory test and questionnaires data. The whole of the results provides strategies and guidelines for improving environmental quality in sport and recreational settings.

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