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The market situation of European shopping centres has been significantly changed compared to previous decades for a number of reasons. Among other reasons, it is important to underline the ageing European population. Furthermore, the ratio of elderly is projected to increase further in Hungary. These demographic processes lead to wide range of socio-economic impacts on the country. One of the consequences that senior customers are becoming increasingly important target group for shopping centres nowadays. They have already had a considerable purchasing power in Budapest. Meanwhile, shopping centres in the capital city are still focusing on young generations. For this very reason, researches required to get a better insight into the behaviors of senior customers. This paper aims to explore differences and similarities in shopping behaviors between different age groups of customers in the case of Árkád Budapest. The author gathered published official statistical information from the website of Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO) and analyzed the current demographical situation in Budapest. The analysis of mall-visiting behaviors is based on questionnaire which contains responses of 156 purchasers. Descriptive statistical methods were implemented by the author. Expected research findings are support to increase our knowledge about mall-visiting behaviours of senior customers in Budapest.

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Our paper gives an analytical evaluation of customer and retail responses to today's market-and nonmarket-related challenges. In the first part of the study, we deal with the classification of crises and review the international literature on the relationship between crises and consumption. We then focus on analyzing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war between Russia and Ukraine on trade and consumption. In the third main part of the study, we review the effects of the already mentioned crises on domestic trade and shopping behaviours. Finally, we examine the effects and new challenges of today's crises on retail strategies and identify the main areas that, with proper management, can make commercial companies "crisis-resistant". In the paper mixed methods (primary and secondary data collection and analyses) are used for reaching a best-possible insight into these fast-altering consumption and retail processes. Our novel findings can be categorized into consumption-related (demand-side) challenges and retailerrelated (supply-side) responses. In our research on consumption the impact of fear from infection, price sensitivity, age and some other factors on shopping behaviour are examined, along with shop-and delivery preferences based on online surveys conducted during the COVID-waves. In the supply-side analysis the possible retail measures and responses are summarized based on secondary data collection and analysis.

In the past decades, the expansion policy of hard discounters is receiving increasing scientific attention. One of the main reasons of their success is location choices, which needs geographical thinking and knowledge of socio-economic environment. Although it has key importance to gain high purchase power territories in this competition, each company have to implement their own geo-strategy. While discount stores are operating in the town, national franchise small stores have an extensive network in the rural area. This paper is a case study which deals with competition of hard discounters and Coop in Northern Hungary.