A Pd-catalyzed method for ligand-directed C–H alkylation with organoboron reagents is described. The combination of potassium organotrifluoroborates, MnF3, and a PdII catalyst effects pyridine and amide-directed C–H alkylation. These reactions proceed under mild conditions (25–40 °C in weakly acidic media), are effective for installing methyl and 1° alkyl groups, and do not require promoters like benzoquinone.

Building the capacity of water systems to prepare and adapt to climate-driven events has become an important goal for water managers in Brazil. One aspect of building adaptive capacity (AC) is the ability of organizations and actors within these systems to apply techno-scientific knowledge (TSK), in particular, climatic information, to plan and respond to extreme events. However, the way the use of knowledge interacts with theorized determinants of AC, such as stakeholder-driven governance and democratic deliberation, remains relatively unexplored in the empirical literature. In this article, we propose a simple heuristic to understand the relationship between the use of climate knowledge and participatory management and explore it empirically in the context of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in four river basins in Brazil. We find that despite an overall increase in the capacity of the basins studied to manage drought through time, the relationship between use of TSK and participation is not straightforward. Rather, knowledge use to inform decision-making remains mostly insulated, with few groups controlling both the process of producing knowledge and making decisions in times of crisis. Yet, across all cases, the continued exposure of river basin organizations (RBOs) to TSK suggests a growing appreciation for the role of information in supporting action and increased efforts by RBOs to develop their own knowledge resources to become more relevant in the decision-making process.

Social equity is a core goal of water resources management and policy. Equity and sustainability are deeply interrelated and should be considered together to create fair, sustainable futures (Hicks et al., 2016;Leach et al., 2018). Yet, addressing equity within water resources management remains challenging. In approaches such as integrated water resources management, equity is typically vaguely defined, which hinders an understanding of equitable water practices at different social, spatial, and temporal scales (Wegerich, 2007;Wolf, 1999). In addition, an emphasis on efficient water use often overshadows analyses of how exclusion and marginalization based on the intersection of race, sex, class, and other identities lead to inequitable water outcomes (Allouche, 2020). Conventional water resources planning practices often lack

This paper describes the development of a mild Pd-catalyzed C–H arylation reaction using potassium aryltrifluoroborates in conjunction with Mn(OAc)3 as the oxidant. The scope of this transformation is explored with a variety of different aryltrifluoroborates and arylpyridine substrates. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds via a high-valent Pd mechanism with C–H activation occurring at or before the rate determining step.

<p>In the semi-arid region of Ceará, northeast Brazil, differential experiences of household water insecurity emerge through intertwined sociopolitical, hydrological, and technological processes. Household water security is broadly defined as access water of sufficient quality and quantity to live a good life. This paper presents ongoing research that integrates hydrological and meteorological data with qualitative social science methods to examine the relationship among local hydrological characteristics, water management strategies, and the emergence of local experiences of water (in)security in rural communities in the Cearense semi-arid region.</p><p>The Cearense semi-arid region faces significant challenges related to socioeconomic inequality and reliable water access. It is characterized by highly politicized water management, irregular inter and intra-annual rainfall rates, crystalline soils, and high evapotranspiration rates. Poor, rural households rely primarily on rain-fed subsistence farming and livestock raising. Local access to land, water, and physical infrastructure depends on decisions and policies that span the microlevel (i.e., individual and household levels) and macrolevel (e.g., community, municipal, state, and federal levels).</p><p>To elucidate the emergence of local experiences of water (in)security in the region, semi-structured interviews were conducted with regional water professionals and members of rural communities with different water management operations (i.e., community-based, water company-based, or government-based). Participant observation (e.g., collecting drinking water from the household cistern) and observation of local and regional water management meetings were also carried out. These methods were complemented by analysis of climate patterns and community-level hydrological characteristics, including the impacts of the most recent extensive drought (from 2012 to the present in many areas). Households use a variety of strategies to obtain drinking water and water for other household activities (e.g., washing clothes, watering plants, or supplying animals with water), which depend on access to household technologies (e.g., cisterns and in-house piped water) and water management of water sources (e.g., reservoirs, deep-wells, or rivers). The research highlights the heterogeneity of experiences of water access and management by rural communities, which is influenced by socio-hydrological relations involving differential access to water technologies, water management and public policies, and hydrological conditions across temporal, geographic, and social scales.</p>