These guidelines provide a strategy to manage unanticipated difficulty with tracheal intubation. They are founded on published evidence. Where evidence is lacking, they have been directed by feedback from members of the Difficult Airway Society and based on expert opinion. These guidelines have been informed by advances in the understanding of crisis management; they emphasize the recognition and declaration of difficulty during airway management. A simplified, single algorithm now covers unanticipated difficulties in both routine intubation and rapid sequence induction. Planning for failed intubation should form part of the pre-induction briefing, particularly for urgent surgery. Emphasis is placed on assessment, preparation, positioning, preoxygenation, maintenance of oxygenation, and minimizing trauma from airway interventions. It is recommended that the number of airway interventions are limited, and blind techniques using a bougie or through supraglottic airway devices have been superseded by video- or fibre-optically guided intubation. If tracheal intubation fails, supraglottic airway devices are recommended to provide a route for oxygenation while reviewing how to proceed. Second-generation devices have advantages and are recommended. When both tracheal intubation and supraglottic airway device insertion have failed, waking the patient is the default option. If at this stage, face-mask oxygenation is impossible in the presence of muscle relaxation, cricothyroidotomy should follow immediately. Scalpel cricothyroidotomy is recommended as the preferred rescue technique and should be practised by all anaesthetists. The plans outlined are designed to be simple and easy to follow. They should be regularly rehearsed and made familiar to the whole theatre team.

SummaryEighty-seven pregnant mothers undergoing elective Caesarean section were randomly allocated either to the full left lateral position (n ¼ 45) or to the supine position with 12°left lateral tilt (n ¼ 42) after a combined spinal-epidural (CSE) in the sitting position and an initial 2 min in the full right lateral position. Fewer mothers were hypotensive while in the study position [29 (64%) in lateral group vs. 38 (90%) in the tilted supine group; p ¼ 0.03]. Mothers in the lateral group tended to become hypotensive after turning them back to the tilted supine position immediately before surgery; hence the number of mothers who were hypotensive from the insertion of the CSE until delivery were similar [36 (80%) vs. 38 (90%)

We read with much interest the special article by Frerk and colleagues 1 about recent updated guidelines on the management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. The article appears to be very informative and assists in decision making. The authors described use of the scalpel-finger-bougie technique in case of impalpable cricothyroid membrane and suggested a midline vertical skin incision of 8-10 cm directed caudad to cephalad. We found an 8-10 cm length of incision over the trachea to be quite debatable, as it can lead to higher risk of bleeding/oozing from the local tissues making poor visualization of landmarks and risk of infection postoperatively. However, it can help in better palpation of the cricothyroid membrane. 2 We suggest the authors should acknowledge the use of techniques such as infiltration of local anaesthetic along with epinephrine, or the standby measures such as application of cautery (monopolar/bipolar), to stop bleeding at the local site while performing the procedure in an emergency.

Our survey demonstrated a persistent variation in the practice of RSI amongst the anaesthetists in the UK. The 'classical' technique of RSI is now seldom used. Therefore there is a clear need for developing consistent guidelines for the practice of RSI.

SummaryWe compared awake fibreoptic intubation with awake intubation using the Pentax Airway Scope â in 40 adult patients. Sedation was achieved using a target-controlled remifentanil infusion of 1-5 ng.ml