The objectives of this study were (a) to determine the general types of molecular components required to make good binary organic solvents for zein, and (b) to provide commercial users of zein with data on its solubility characteristics in a number of organic solvents, covering a wide range of viscosity, boiling point, and evaporation rate.The work shows that the critical peptization temperatures of zein in many primary organic solvents can be lowered by the addition of active hydrogen compounds. The effectiveness of such substances as secondary solvents for zein is related to the degree of activity of their active hydrogens. Critical peptization temperature curves for zein in a number of binary solvent systems are included. INA PREVIOUS article (4) the authors showed that zein can be dispersed in a considerable number of single organic solvents, which may be either acids, acid amides, amines, or hydroxy compounds. Thus, all single solvents for zein are amphoteric in the sense that they are capable of forming hydrogen bridges through their capacity both to donate and to accept electrons. Substances of

Primary organic solvents for zein are either hydroxy compounds, amines, amides, or acids. The stability of zein in single solvents is, in general, much better than in binary solvents containing water.Twenty per cent solutions of zein in diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol have remained clear and fluid for two years when stored at 27°C ., while a similar concentration of zein in 85 per cent aqueous ethyl alcohol stored at the same temperature usually gels in about 30 days.

ceeds the cost of cornstarch, it is very much lower than the current market price of wheat starch (5 cents per pound) and is considerably less than the price of cornstarch (3.46 cents per pound).

were obtained when the acids were neutralized with about 80 per cent lime and 20 per cent soda ash. This sludge, however, did not settle so well as that produced by dolomitic lime alone.The moisture content of the filter cakes produced with different treatments varied, but the filter yields decreased with increasing quantities of soda ash.Complete neutralization with lime and soda ash required a larger quantity of chemical than lime alone. As an example, some results obtained are illustrated in Figure 6. In this respect the rate of neutralization in a given time is of particular interest. When soda ash is added following the addition of lime, the higher the sodium carbonate percentage, the longer it takes before neutralization is accomplished. Some results given in Table III illustrate this. After addition of lime vigorous stirring was continued for 6 minutes, the sodium carbonate was added, and stirring was continued until neutralization was completed. With about 10 per cent soda ash added, the time required for complete neutralization was less than half that required when about 50 per cent sodium carbonate was used.The probable reason is that large quantities of carbon dioxide are formed with the soda ash addition, and even vigorous stirring does not release the carbon dioxide fast enough to prevent carbonization and coating of the lime.Presented before the Division of Water, Sewage, and Sanitation Chemistry at the 104th Meeting df the American Chemical Society, Buffalo, N. Y.

The acetylation of zein fibers increased the water-resistance, improved the softness of the fiber by moderation of the severe formaldehyde post-cure, improved the boil-resistance, whitened the fiber by removal of pigments, and decreased the dye uptake. Acetylation was accomplished with acetic anhydride, with sodium acetate or sulfuric acid as catalyst. Acetyl contents of more than 5 percent were quickly obtained in continuous-processing equipment. The amount of acetyl groups introduced can be regulated by changing the composition, time of reaction, or the temperature of the acetylating mixture.