Introduction. Currently, there is no any unified approach to the treatment of complicated forms of acute appendicitis in children. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the local Protocol for diagnostics and treatment of appendicular peritonitis (AP) in children. Material and methods. 149 children with AP, aged 2 - 17 (11 ± 3.5 ), were included into the study. All of them were treated at the Clinical and Research Institute Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma (CRIEPST) in 2015-2018. In the gender structure, boys (104; 69.8%) prevailed over girls (45; 30.2%). The following parameters were evaluated: AP structure, surgical tactics, postoperative course (incidence of postoperative intestinal failure syndrome (IFS), postoperative complications, length of hospital stay). A tactics for surgical treatment and volume of intensive care in the postoperative period were defined depending on AP severity and according to the local Protocol. Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed in 145 (97.3%) patients. There were no intraoperative complications and conversions in the studied group. In case of periappendiular abscess (PA) 3 (2.7%), patients had puncture and abscess drainage under ultrasound control. Results. While analyzing the AP structure by forms , the following picture was shown: free and abscessed forms were approximately equal - 72 (48.3%) and 77 (51.7%), respectively (p > 0.05). Diffuse peritonitis - 31.5%; generalized - 16.8%; combined - 17.4%; periappendicular abscess (PA) stage 1-14.8%; PA 2-16.8%; PA 3-2.7%. Postoperative complications - 4 (2.7%): postoperative abdominal abscesses - 3 (2.0%); early adhesive intestinal obstruction - 1 (0.7%). In postoperative abscesses, puncture and drainage were performed under ultrasound control; in early adhesive intestinal obstruction - laparoscopic adhesiolysis. All the children recovered. Length of intensive care was 2.9 ± 1.8 days; hospitalization - 12.0 ± 5.2 days. Conclusion. The local Protocol developed by the researchers helps to define a surgical tactics and volume of intensive care in the postoperative period. Laparoscopic surgery, in the vast majority of cases, is an optimal and effective technique for AP surgical treatment in children. Contraindications to laparoscopic surgery are PA 3 and total abscessing peritonitis.

Gastrointestinal hemangioma (GIH) is a benign vascular formation located in different parts of the intestinal tube. The clinical significance of hemangiomas of the gastrointestinal tract is usually associated with the development of complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, invagination, intestinal obstruction or bowel perforation. Aim of the study. Demonstration of a rare clinical observation of jejunal cavernous hemangioma as a cause of recurrent intestinal bleeding. Material and methods. A boy, 11 years old, admitted to the Institute with complaints of chronic anemia and recurrent intestinal bleeding of unknown etiology. There was made a complex diagnostic search, including laboratory and instrumental methods, with a video capsular study of the gastrointestinal tract and angiography of the abdominal cavity. Results. At the base of the video capsular study of the gastrointestinal tract, the vascular formation of the jejunum, which is a possible source of intestinal bleeding, is suspected. The vascular structure of the formation is confirmed by angiography. During laparoscopy, a cavernous hemangioma with a diameter of about 1.5 cm was detected. Hemangioma was located in the wall of the jejunum and prolapsed both into the lumen of the intestine and from the side of the serous membrane. Under micro laparotomic access in the umbilical region, there was performed a resection of the jejunum area with the imposition of the anastomosis "end to end". A morphological diagnosis was confirmed. The postoperative period was uneventful. Conclusion. The cavernous hemangioma of the jejunum is rare and difficult to diagnose the cause of recurrent intestinal bleeding. The use of modern diagnostic and surgical technologies ensures timely and mini-invasive treatment, which leads to rapid recovery of the patient and ensures the cost-effectiveness of treatment.

Introduction. Until now, there is an ongoing controversy regarding the curative strategy in spleen pseudoaneurysms which are detected by CT imaging.Purpose. To present a diagnostic and curative algorithm for treating spleen injury complicated by multiple pseudoaneurysms in a 13-year-old child.Observation. A 13-year-old boy was injured in a traffic accident (a cyclist hit by a car) and was admitted to the hospital by an ambulance with brain concussion, abrasions and bruises of soft tissues. On the second day after the injury, the child complained of the pain in the left lumbar region. Multiphase spiral computed tomography (MSCT) revealed damage of the lower pole of the spleen with formation of multiple round hyperdense formations in the arterial phase disappearing in the portal phase. Ultrasound examination revealed multiple hypoechoic zones up to 8 mm in diameter in the lower pole of the spleen, in which blood flow was seen at the color Doppler mapping (CDM). Diagnosis: closed trauma of the spleen, Grade 4 (AAST). Multiple pseudoaneurysms of the lower pole of the spleen. Repeated MSCT on the 6th day after the injury registered disappearance of pseudoaneurysms, like it was at the ultrasound examination. In six months after the injury, there were no complaints; spleen structure at ultrasound examination corresponded to age normal parameters.Conclusion. The presented clinical observation demonstrates the success of conservative treatment of spleen injury complicated by the formation of multiple pseudoaneurysms.

Introduction. The spleen is the most frequently injured abdominal organ in children. From the standpoint of the modern concept on the preventive and curative strategy, medical and epidemiological aspects of spleen injury in children in a metropolis are no less important than making a decision on performing surgery because of life-threatening indications.   Purpose. To find out medical and epidemiological features of spleen injury in children in a metropolis.   Material and methods. In 2013–2020, 518 children with injuries of the abdominal organs were treated in the Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma (CRIEPST). Of these, 213 children had spleen injury of varying severity. Gender, age of the injured children, mechanism, seasonality, severity, curative modalities and outcomes were analyzed.Results. Spleen injury accounted for 41.1 % in the structure of abdominal injuries. Most often, such injuries were seen in boys (144; 67.6 %) and in the warm season; average age of children was 9.9 ± 3.1 years. As a rule, spleen injury was met in cases of severe polytrauma with high-energy mechanisms (catatrauma 31.5%, traffic accidents – 30.6 %). Falls from bicycle/scooter/skateboard accounted for 8.5 %; sports injuries – for 4.2%. 31.5% of children were treated surgically, including splenectomy – 24.4 %. If children were primarily hospitalized to a specialized hospital, the effectiveness of conservative treatment was 94.1 %.   Conclusion. Most often, spleen injury is diagnosed in children with polytrauma. It means that our basic attention should be focused on preventive measures so as to decrease the incidence of pediatric injuries as a result of road accidents and catatrauma. Primary hospitalization in a specialized hospital promotes the highest efficiency of conservative treatment in case of spleen injury in children.

Introduction. Currently, the conservative treatment of ileocecal intussusception (ICI) has proven its effectiveness; indications for surgical treatment are increasingly narrowing and do not depend on disease duration and child’s age. And yet, there are situations when conservative treatment is ineffective, and surgical intervention is a must.Purpose. To analyze reasons leading to ineffective conservative treatment of ileocecal intussusception in children and, accordingly, to specify current indications for surgical treatment.Material and methods. 160 children with ICI, who were treated in the Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma (CRIEPST) in Moscow from 2011 to 2021, were taken in the trail. Boys prevailed and amounted to 67.5% (108), girls – to 32.5% (52). Average age of patients was 2.9±2.02. 81.2% (130 children ) were older than one year. If the disease was diagnosed for the first time and if there were no complications, patients with ICI had hydrocolonoscopy (HCS), regardless of child’s age and disease duration. If HCS was ineffective, laparoscopy was done. Laparoscopy was also made in case of disease recurrence. If laparoscopic disinvagination was ineffective or impossible, laparotomy was performed. In case of effective laparoscopic disinvagination but in disease relapse and in the absence of intra-abdominal anatomical problems in the postoperative period, colonoscopy was made to rule out intraluminal anatomical pathologies. In the present trial, the researchers assessed causes of ineffective HCS: anatomical problems including volumetric lymphadenopathy, invaginate necrosis and disease relapses. Types of surgical intervention and their effectiveness were also analyzed. Additionally, the authors compared studied parameters obtained in the hospital earlier when HCS protocol (n=160; 2011–2021) and laparoscopic disinvagination protocol were used (n =40, 2007–2010).Results. Surgical intervention by HCS protocol was made in 9.4% (15); HCS effectiveness was as high as 90.6%. Laparoscopy was performed in 6 children (3.75%) after ineffective HCS and in 9 children (5.6%) after disease relapse. Laparoscopic disinvagination was effective in 60.0% of cases (9) from the surgical group; laparoscopy was changed for laparotomy in 6 patients (40%). Anatomical problems accounted for 73.3% (11) in the surgical group and for 6.9% in the study group, respectively. In the rest of patients (4–26.7%), ineffectiveness of conservative disinvagination was caused by severe lymphoid hyperplasia of the ileocecal angle. In early disease relapses, 42.9% of such patients had anatomical problems. In the surgical group, invaginate necrosis was registered in 20% (3), and bowel resection with anastomosis was made in 26.7% (4); in the study group, these indexes were 1.9 and 2.5%, respectively.Conclusion. The basic reason for ICI conservative treatment failure was an anatomical problem which is a leadpoint of disease pathogenesis that causes both intussusception necrosis and intussusception relapses. Currently, the main indications for surgical ICI management are ineffectiveness of conservative treatment and ICI relapses regardless of child’s age and disease duration.