Hair shaft defects, which are the result of both congenital and acquired pathologies, are usually accompanied by a violation of their physical characteristics and a change in appearance. Hair becomes dull, dry, not elastic, poorly styled, broken. Determining the presence of hair fragility formed the basis for the classification of heterogeneous abnormalities of the hair shaft and their division into two groups. The similarity of clinical symptoms and the impossibility of visual verification of the diagnosis dictate the need for additional research methods (dermatoscopy, microscopy, histology), the results of which will help to correctly diagnose. Knowledge of the nuances of the clinical picture, the main dermatoscopic and microscopic markers, the distinctive features of the course of various anomalies of the hair rods expands the capabilities of practicing trichologists, cosmetologists, dermatovenerologists and doctors of other specialties in the field of diagnosis, therapy and prevention of structural hair changes. The literature review presents the main clinical, dermatoscopic, microscopic and histological signs of various disorders of hair shafts.

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, systemic immune-mediated inflammatory disease that affects the skin, joints, and other organs and systems. Despite the fact that psoriasis is one of the most studied dermatoses, its pathogenesis has not yet been fully clarified. In recent years, the pathogenetic model leading to the formation of psoriatic papules and plaques has undergone significant changes. This article presents a retrospective analysis of the study of the disease over the past 60 years from the generally accepted concept of epidermal dermatosis to understanding the complex interactions between keratinocytes, dendritic cells, T-lymphocytes, neutrophils and mast cells, with a significant role of interleukins (IL) 23, 17, 22,10, T-helper cells (Th) 17, 22, T-regulatory cells, transformative growth factor b1 (TGF-b1), in the pathogenesis of the disease. Targeted therapy using new biologics and small molecules, patient education, screening for comorbidities, and regular patient follow-up allow to apply a personalized approach to the patient and achieve impressive results. Achievements in psoriasis research have led to the fact that today we are witnessing the so-called translational revolution in psoriasis therapy, consisting in the fastest possible transfer of fundamental discoveries of the field of theoretical research to the field of practical application.

Goal: to assess the impact of environmentally hazardous factors on the formation of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children. Materials and methods: 108 children aged 1-18 were engaged in the study. The AD severity was analyzed based on the SCORAD index, data from the medical history and frequency of development of complications in children depending on the place of their residence. The elemental composition of hair was analyzed to assess the impact of anthropogenic pollution on childrens organisms. The Southeastern Administrative District (SEAD), which is unfavorable in terms of ecologic environment, and Western Administrative District (WAD) in Moscow, which is free of any human-induced pollution, were chosen as comparison areas. Results: More severe forms of AD in terms of clinical manifestations prevailed in children residing in the SEAD. The number of exacerbations per year was three times as high as the same index in children from the WAD, and there was no trend towards seasonality. The course of AD in children permanently residing in the district with human-induced pollution was characterized by complications with the accumulation of toxic elements in hair against the background of deficiency of essential elements as well as increased elimination of calcium from organisms resulting in low adaptive regulatory mechanisms. Conclusion: when children suffering from AD reside in a highly polluted area on a regular basis, this results in chronic intoxication of their organisms with heavy metals, which leads to deficiency of essential elements, reduction of adaptive mechanisms and severe course of dermatitis.

No abstract

No abstract