Planar optical waveguides were fabricated by He+ ion implantation in KNb03 crystals with doses from 2.5 X 1014 to 1 X 1016 cm-' and energies from 1 to 3.5 MeV, and the index profiles were analyzed. A comparison with theoretical radiation damage profiles calculated by the TRIM code indicates that the index change is mainly caused by nuclear collisions. However, at higher implantation doses the influence of the electronic excitation on the refractive index profiles cannot be neglected. A method is derived to predict the index profile of nb from the He+ implantation parameters energy and dose. The measured mode spectra of waveguides produced by single and dual energy implantation are in excellent agreement with the predicted spectra. 6024

Ridged channel waveguides in KNbO 3 were produced using He ϩ ion implantation, photolithographic masking, and subsequent Ar ϩ ion sputtering. We investigated the linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of the waveguides. The effective mode indices are derived from the refractive index profiles using the effective index method. The losses are investigated as a function of wavelength and of the geometrical parameters channel width and ridge height. A minimum loss of 2 dB cm Ϫ1 is measured at a wavelength of 0.633 m. We investigated the power handling capabilities at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Second-harmonic generation in these waveguides is studied both theoretically and experimentally with regard to its dependence on the guide fabrication parameters. Phase-matching configurations for blue light second-harmonic generation are evaluated on the basis of the dispersion of the effective mode indices. Overlap integrals are calculated on the basis of the field distributions derived from the refractive index profiles. The minimum effective guide cross section is 25 m 2. A continuous-wave second-harmonic output power of 14 mW at 438 nm was obtained with an in-coupled fundamental power of 340 mW in a 0.73 cm long waveguide, yielding a normalized internal conversion efficiency of 25% W Ϫ1 cm Ϫ2 (13% W Ϫ1). This corresponds to an improvement by a factor of 3 compared to the best results reported for KNbO 3 waveguides up to now.

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