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Transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is considered as a promising therapeutic approach to the therapy of many diseases. However, the problem of possible alterations of the properties of mesenchymal stem cells during their expansion in in vitro cultures before transplantation is not solved. In our study, one of two hundred examined cultures of mesenchymal stem cell cultures derived from donors without bone marrow pathologies and developed under standard culturing conditions demonstrated spontaneous disturbances in morphology, proliferation, and karyotype at early passages. The cells of this abnormal culture retained immunophenotype characteristic of normal mesenchymal stem cells, but some of them (15-25%) had numerous numerical and structural chromosome aberrations.

The possibility of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation in the cardiomyocyte direction was studied on Wistar-Kyoto rats with myocardial infarction induced by ligation of the left coronary artery. In vitro treatment of mesenchymal stem cells with 5-azacitidine led to spontaneous contractions of about 15% cells in culture. Analysis of the expression of matrix RNA showed expression of fetal and functional markers of the myocardium in this cell culture. In vivo on day 21 after myocardial infarction and intravenous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells into the periinfarction area, myocardial cells carrying donor label were detected. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that these cells were cardiomyocytes integrated into the myocardium. These cells can be a result of differentiation of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells or fusion of endogenous cardiomyocytes with exogenous mesenchymal stem cells.

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We studied the effect of various methods of transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells on neuronal survival in rat brain 1 and 6 weeks after severe traumatic brain injury. It was found that intracerebral and systemic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells improves neuronal survival in the piriform cortex of the contralateral hemisphere without affecting neuronal survival in the marginal zone of the traumatic cavity and amygdaloid nuclei. Intracerebral transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells increases the content of the astroglial component of the scar in the borderline zone of the traumatic cavity.