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Be II Coni r n 11 11 ic a tJ ions Rese arc 11, I 11 c .X31 N e w m a r Springs R o a d ; Red B a n k , New .Jersey Oi701 ABSTRACT T h e i nc 1 e a s i 11 g de ploy in e 11 t. of opt, i c a 1 lib er t. r n 11 srn issioii systems \vit,h large trn.ffic cross-sect,ions supportred on a few stJraiids of fiber and t h e s t r o n g int,erest, in a fillerhnl)betl net,\vork archit.ecture h a s increased concern about, t>he survival)ility 01 int,ra-LATA fiber c o m m u n i c a t i o n s net,works. A c e n t r a l questioii for net)work p l a n n e r s dealing wit~li t,his concern is what architecture is approprin.te part,iculnrly when t,ratle-offs betweell cost, and s u r v i \~n h i l i t y a r e considered. T h i s paper presents t h e resiiIt,s of a s t u d y of' cost, versus survivaliility for several survivalile iietm.ork a IT h it, ec t 11 res t,o t I1 e i 11 t e ro ffi c e trnnsriiksion n c~t l s of' n singlr iiiet,ropolitari nrrn. Using present ttchnology, for example, onc-to-one a n t o m a t ic prot,ect>ioii switching with diverse routing oKrrs ;~i i ;it,tract>ive iiicrcasp iri net,\vork s u r v i~~a l~i l i t~y [or a i n c ;~p i t a l costs. IIsiug rstirnntetl 11 nolojiv , sc If-lira 1 i ng r iiigs appear to decrease costs i t II d 1'11 I' t, lie I. 1 iic re a sv si1 r\.i 1 1 ii lli 1 i 1 y , 11 II t \voaltl p r o b n l~l y lie ;irignient ctl Iiy liber opt,ic c prottction sa.it~cIiiiig with ant1 a pp1 ie tl p roj e c t, e cl . I N T R O D U C T I O NThe increasing tleploynicnt of optical fibrr traiisiiiissioil syst,t'nis w i t h la rgc trnllic c r ect,ioiih supported on a I'ew st.rnlrtls of liI,?l~ a n d tht. h t l inter st iii lilx~r-li~ililied network arcliit.ccture [I .?,si has incrc survii-nhility 011 iiit,rnl,2\T:\ filier coi \Vit,Ii libcl, liiibliing. iiitt,rotlice-t,laffc Iron1 ;I ccittral olficc ( C O ) is :iggi.cIg;itrtl a n d s e i i t 1.0 t,hr liril 'I'hert.. a Iiigli-spe~~d digit n l cro*-.-connc.ct part i t ions iiicoiiiiiig t 1.2 IFIC by (lest in;r t iotr ;I iitl roiit V> circuits, o i v r I i h r , to t l i r a p p r o p i i a t c ('nd oflicr. .Also Ii111 DSY. I'ronr ('0 to CO c n n I i y i x i s h l h r IlC.5. i . t > . , so from OI,'l'h[ (Opticnl I, i i i e 'rc1.111i 11;) t i i I g hlril t i 11 I vxr I.) to 0 l,Th L. T\vo n p p r o a c l i r t o Iil;in ;I stirvivalilc, archit ccliii~c. ;ig;iinat nrtworlc failure a r e (1) to tlesigii ii iirt,\vork wit,li built-in pi.ot,r.ct.ion capw liility so I Ii;rt tlie t.rnflic c a n Iir witclicd to :I protection system if a network component fails, and (2) to employ intelligent network elements t o re-rout,e traffic through standby transmission paths if a network component fails. In this paper, we investigate capital cost,s versus survivability for architectures from both approaches. A quant,it,ative trade-off study model has been developed recent,ly in j-l] and is used here t o determine t,rade-offs bet>ween cost and surviva.bilit,y. The study mainly address fiber system costs; it does not quantify other equipment. c o s h (e.g., extra DCS J/S t.eriiiiiiat...

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Generating electricity using Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is taking over more and more shares in the global market of energy production. This results from global energy policy which is closely related to the reduction of greenhouse gas emission and environmental pollution as well as to reducing consumption of fossil fuels. The constantly increasing number of producers of electricity from RES, such as Hydroelectric Power Plants and Small Hydroelectric Power Plants, gives an impulse for carrying out work on the development and improvement of their operation. It forces continuous work on development of technical diagnostics methods which allow to detect faults at an early stage and even, using properly designed systems, to prevent them or minimize their effects. The main task of the diagnostics and control systems is to identify any symptoms of inaccurate device operation. Next, to modify the algorithm so that the device is introduced to the area of correct operation. Detecting a defect at its initial phase gives opportunities to plan and prepare for the repair of the device. Using appropriate diagnostic methods helps to minimize the costs of major repairs and overhauls of machines and maintain the work efficiency at the desired level. This article presents selected diagnostic methods used in Hydropower Plants.