Background:Pre-eclampsia is a disorder of widespread vascular endothelial malfunction and vasospasm that occurs after 20 weeks' gestation. Aim: This work aimed to compare the anti-hypertensive efficacy of oral Labetalol with oral Nifedipine in mild preeclampsia. Materials and Methods:This study was conducted on a total of 100 antenatal mild full term pre-eclamptic women at Ain-Shams University Maternity Hospital ICU and obstetric theater. They were divided into two groups; first group (group A): oral Labetalol was started with a dose of 200 mg and second group (group B): oral Nifedipine was started at dose of 20 mg. Results: Group B had significantly higher number of side effects when compared to group A. None of the patients developed grave complications such as HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema, coagulopathy, postpartum collapse, the maternal mortality was nil. Thus when patients with preeclampsia are identified and treated at an earlier stage the morbidity and mortality associated with preeclampsia can be significantly reduced. Conclusion:Both oral labetalol and oral Nifedipine are equally efficacious in the control of hypertension in mild preeclampsia. Regarding the drug side effects and tolerability, labetalol was significantly better than Nifedipine. There was no significant difference in the neonatal outcome between the two groups. Thus, labetalol is a better alternative to Nifedipine,as it had lesser side effect profile. However, in a limited resource setting, Nifedipine is an equally effective, cheap and easily available drug for mild preeclampsia.

Water scarcity is envisioned word over due to increasing urbanization, population overgrowth and climate change. Billions of cubic meters of treated water are lost worldwide from water distribution networks through leakage, which often lead to discontinuous water supply, either because of limited raw water availability or because of water rationing. The water companies all over the world and specially in a developing country like Egypt faces a lot of challenges from poor strategic management, limited financial resources and operational management, unskilled staff, low funding priority, insufficient customer service orientation, political interference and low independent regulations. This study is aiming to reduce the amount of physical leakage from the domestic distribution networks through the application of assessment methodology of the International Water Association (IWA) for water balance assessments and the databases of performance indicators, After the analysis of the data and application of the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) method, the results, the ILI of the DMA were found to be high in which indicates that the network is Poor, Tolerable and immediate actions have to be done, and a management plan has to be set in order to reduce the water losses in the future.