The aim of the present study was to assess the size of the third ventricle in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) affected by chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), versus size of the third ventricle in a healthy control group. Background: CCSVI, a new nosological vascular pattern, has recently been associated with MS. Methods: We enrolled 33 patients affected by MS (three in the primary progressive clinical course, 23 in the relapsing-remitting clinical course, and seven in the secondary-progressive clinical course). All patients had been affected by CCSVI and were tested using an echo color Doppler (ECD) imaging unit. The group of 33 affected by both MS and CCSVI (MS-CCSVI) was composed of 19 females and 14 males with a mean age of 40±10 years, from a minimum age of 20 years to a maximum age of 66 years, with a median of 40 years and a mode of 32 years. We compared the 33 MS-CCSVI patients with 33 healthy control subjects of similar sex and age. In the MS-CCSVI group, the MS clinical severity was expressed by expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score: light (19 patients, scoring 1, 2, or 3); medium (ten patients with a score of 4, 5, or 6), and severe (four patients with a score of 7, 8, or 9). The average duration of the MS was 10±7 years (from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 26 years, with a median of 10 years and a mode of 1 year). Results: In the MS-CCSVI group, the third ventricle diameter was 6.2±1.7 mm (from a minimum of 2.5 mm to a maximum of 9.2 mm, with a median of 6.3 mm, and a mode of 6.0 mm). Our data showed that 29 patients (88%) had an increase in third ventricle diameter, whereas only four patients (12%) had physiological size (less than 4 mm) comparable to all healthy control group subjects (27.28%). These results show that the increase in the third ventricle diameter could represent a criterion of positivity of neurological disease in patients with CCSVI.

The aim of our work is to describe the Memnet program’s use and potential and to show the data of Italian Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency (CCSVI)-National Epidemiological Observatory (NEO) activity in the first three years (http://www.osservatorioccsvi. org). From 2011 to 2014, all echo-color- Doppler (ECD) assessments were stored by Mem-net program into CCSVI-NEO web site (http://www.mem-net.it). Mem-net is a tool for multicenter data collection based on the International Society for Neurovascular Disease consensus and position statement, where we can insert patients (pts) history, neurological visits, ECD assessments, different examinations, therapies and surgical procedures. The website provides an epidemiological and statistical program for data analysis in real time. At present, 7 medical centers, affiliated to CCSVI-NEO, input their symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects with CCSVI. Data were storage using the Mem-net program. We analyzed data of only four centers on seven (Rome, Bari, Cagliari and Benevento). Total pts number with multiple sclerosis (MS) was 1109, mean age 46.0±13.4 [male 422 (38.05%); female 687 (61.95%)]. CCSVI positive pts were 937 (84.49%), CCSVI negative pts were 172 (15.51%). The CCSVI type 1 subjects were 530 (56.56%), CCSVI type 2 subjects were 20 (2.13%), CCSVI type 3 subjects were 387 (41.30%). We found 800 (85.38%) pts with criterion 1; 725 (77.37%) with criterion 2; 519 (55.39%) with criterion 3; 483 (51.55%) with criterion 4; 88 (9.39%) with criterion 5. The venous hemodynamic insufficiency severity score mean score was 3.8; the CCSVI mean score was 2.8; the MEM mean score was 34.7; the expanded disability status scale mean score was 4.5; the disease mean duration was 12.5±5.7 years. MS clinical types were divided as follows: relapsing-remitting pts were 449 (47.92%), Secondary progressive pts were 144 (15.37%), primary progressive pts were 72 (7.68%). The CCSVI-NEO database and Memnet software may be useful medical and researching tools for recording, storing, analyzing and studying ECD and vascular data. Preliminary data of NEO show an elevated prevalence of CCSVI in MS.

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Purpose To test the hypothesis that aerobic fitness is inversely related to the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) in athletes with locomotor impairments deriving from health conditions, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), lower limb amputation, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, and other health conditions different from the previous ones. Methods A total of 68 male athletes who competed in either summer or winter Paralympic games were divided in two health conditions groups (35 with SCI, mean age 37.2 ± 8.0 years, and 33 with different health conditions, mean age 37.8 ± 9.9 years) and in four sport type groups (skill, power, intermittent—mixed metabolism—and endurance). They were evaluated through anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, laboratory blood tests, and graded cardiopulmonary maximal arm cranking exercise test, with oxygen uptake peak (VO2peak) measurement. Cardiovascular risk profile was assessed in each athlete. Results The prevalence of ACVD-risk factors in the overall population was 20.6% for hypertension; 47% and 55.9% for high values of total and LDL cholesterol, respectively; 22.1% for reduce glucose tolerance; and 8.8% for obesity. No difference was found between athletes with and without SCI, while the prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in those practicing skill sports (22.7%, p = 0.035), which was the sport type group with Paralympic athletes with the lowest VO2peak (22.5 ± 5.70 ml kg−1 min−1). VO2peak was lower in athletes with SCI than those with different health conditions (28.6 ± 10.0 vs 33.6 ± 8.9 ml kg−1 min−1p = 0.03), and in those with 3–4 risk factors (19.09 ± 5.34 ml kg−1 min−1) than those with 2 risk factors (27.1 ± 5.50 ml kg−1 min−1), 1 risk factor (31.6 ± 8.55 ml kg−1 min−1), or none (36.4 ± 8.76 ml kg−1 min−1) (p < 0.001). Conclusions The present study suggests that having higher VO2peak seems to offer greater protection against ACVD in individuals with a locomotor impairment. Prescribing physical exercise at an intensity similar to that of endurance and intermittent sports should become a fundamental tool to promote health among people with a locomotor impairment.

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