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SummaryTwo patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation and developed peroperative cardiac arrhythmias are presented. In one, the arrhythmias were refractory to treatment with anti-arrhythmic drug therapy until serum magnesium levels were restored to normal. The other patient had a low pre-operative serum magnesium level and developed atrial fibrillation on induction of, and during, anaesthesia. Patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation may be a group especially predisposed to hypomagnesaemia. The importance of monitoring serum magnesium levels in such patients who develop peroperative cardiac arrhythmias is emphasised. Keywords Zons; magnesium. Surgery; liver transplantation.Magnesium is an important intracellular ion, and activates more than 300 enzyme systems in the body. Hypomagnesaemia predisposes to adverse effects on the cardiovascular, central nervous and neuromuscular systems and can also lead to hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia. Even so, hypomagnesaemia does not usually present as a well-defined, easily identifiable clinical syndrome, but as one or more adverse responses of the above mentioned systems. We present two patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation and developed peroperative cardiac arrhythmias, the onset of which was related to hypomagnesaemia. One patient developed generalised muscle twitching in addition to the cardiac arrhythmia. c a s e history 1A 52-year-old woman underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for primary biliary cirrhosis (Child Pugh grade B) [l, 21 and end-stage liver failure. Pre-operative assessment showed that she was well nourished, that serum potassium and calcium levels were normal, that there was no previous history of ischaemic heart disease and that her electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were normal. General anaesthesia for OLT was uneventful. During surgery she received six units of blood, two units of fresh frozen plasma and 10 units of platelets. u* 1.0 -- On the third postoperative day she developed generalised twitching and rapid atrial fibrillation (rate 170 beat.min-I). The atrial fibrillation was associated with hypotension -systolic blood pressure 70-80 mmHg.

SummaryA patient sufering from ankylosing spondylitis required surgical excision of a large anterior osteophyte of the cervical spine. Fibreoptic nasal intubation was d3cult due to distortion of the airway by the osteophyte. This cause of dificultflexibleJibreoptic intubation has not been described previously.

Ontology plays a vital role in formulating natural language documents to machine readable form on the semantic web. For ontology construction information should be extracted from web documents in the form of entities and relations between them. Identifying syntactic constituents and their dependencies in a sentence, boost the information extraction from natural language text. In this paper we describe the use of Inductive logic Programming as the learning technique used by a multi agent system to perform relation extraction between two identified entities. The learning capability of agents is exploited to train an agent to learn extraction rules from the syntactic structure of natural language sentences. Typed dependencies of the syntactic constituents of sentences provide the background information for the search space to find ingredients for rule induction. In the multi agent system one agent makes use of Inductive Logic Programming for the rule learning process while another agent is expected to use the learnt rules to identify new relations as well as extract instances of predefined relations. All the relations derived are expressed as predicate expressions of two entities. We evaluate our agent system by applying it on number of wikipedia web pages from the domain of birds.