Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a complex metabolic state of the body, attributable to a synergistic combination, mutual reinforcement and aggravation of the pathological mechanisms of sarcopenia and obesity. SO is associated with a decrease in the quality of life, dependence on outside help, an increased risk of disability and premature death. Currently, the urgency of the SO problem is increasing due to the global demographic aging of the population, the high incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), geriatric syndromes of sarcopenia and frailty in the developed countries of the modern world. It is of interest to review current literature data on the prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, as well as the principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity.

Среди множества гериатрических синдромов несомненно одно из первых мест занимают старческая астения и саркопения. Несмотря на широкое их освещение в современной научной медицинской литературе, до сих пор актуальным остается вопрос о взаимосвязи этих гериатрических синдромов. Какой из вышеуказанных синдромов является первичным, а какой - вторичным? Они конкурируют между собой, взаимно отягощают друг друга, не зависят один от другого либо же объединены общими патологическими механизмами? Рассмотрению этих вопросов посвящен данный обзор литературы. Among the many geriatric syndromes, undoubtedly, one of the first places is, in other words, the leading positions are occupied by frailty and sarcopenia. Despite their wide coverage in the modern scientific medical literature, the question of the relationship of these geriatric syndromes with each other is still relevant. Which of the above syndromes is primary and which is secondary? Do they compete with each other, mutually burden each other, do not depend on each other, or are they united by common pathological mechanisms? This literature review is devoted to these issues.

Due to the high prevalence of sarcopenia among elderly and old patients, early prevention and treatment of sarcopenia and its complications are relevant. Protein supplements can be used to maintain muscle strength and mass during aging. The possibility of using branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in the treatment and prevention of sarcopenia in geriatric patients is of scientific interest. BCAAs promote the synthesis and inhibit the degradation of muscle tissue proteins, are involved in the regulation of tissue sensitivity to insulin, ammonia utilization, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, etc.Search strategy. The search for scientific articles for literature review was carried out in the PubMed and PubMed Central databases. The selection criterion was scientific articles published up to December 2022. We used the following search keywords: “branched-chain amino acids”, “BCAA”, “body composition”, “sarcopenia”, “aging”. The 2019 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) Consensus was included in the list of articles.Conclusions. The possibility of using BCAAs in elderly and old patients for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia is a relevant topic that continues to be actively studied. The effectiveness of BCAA supplementation in the diet is debatable as long as sufficient protein is consumed daily. On the other hand, BCAA supplementation may be justified in cases where it is not possible to consume enough high-quality protein in the diet. More research is needed on this topic.

Objectives to identify the correlations between the Charlson comorbidity index and the results of functional activity tests as predictors of sarcopenia among elderly and senile women with polymorbidity. Material and methods. The study included 269 elderly and senile women aged from 65 to 84 years, having polypathology. Results. Sarcopenia was detected in 14.63% of the elderly, and in 27.40% of senile women. The Charlson comorbidity index was associated with the risk of progression of frailty, a decrease in basic functional activity, increased muscle weakness and impaired function of skeletal muscles. Conclusion. Dynamometry and functional activity tests can be used in clinical practice to diagnose sarcopenia syndrome in elderly and senile women.

На фоне постарения населения отмечается увеличение частоты и распространенности хронических неинфекционных заболеваний с возрастом. Синдром старческой астении, частота которого также растет по мере старения, рассматривается как прогностический фактор неблагоприятных исходов хронических заболеваний и смертности у гериатрических пациентов. При этом у женщин старческая хрупкость встречается чаще, чем у мужчин. Более ранняя диагностика и выявление признаков старческой астении необходимо для профилактики прогрессирования как самого синдрома, так и множественных возрастассоциированных хронических заболеваний. Against the background of an aging population, there is an increase in the frequency and prevalence of chronic non-infectious diseases with age. The syndrome of frailty, the frequency of which also increases with aging, is considered as a prognostic factor for the adverse outcomes of chronic diseases and mortality among geriatric patients. Moreover, in women, frailty is more common than in men. An earlier diagnosis and identification of signs of frailty is necessary to prevent the progression of both the syndrome itself and multiple age-associated chronic diseases.