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Background The microspheres are one of the major formulations in the novel drug delivery systems. These days' scientists are predominantly focusing on natural plant products because of the poisonous effect of synthetic drug molecules. From olden days itself, neem has some excellent antibacterial activities. Aims The main objective of the research work was to formulate microspheres containing methanolic extract of neem and incorporate it into a gel. The optimized gel was evaluated for its antibacterial activity. Methods The methanolic extract of the neem leaves was prepared by maceration process. The microspheres prepared were evaluated for shape, size of particles, and in vitro drug release. Out of all the formulations, the F5 formulation was found to be optimized; therefore, it was incorporated into the gel and evaluated for the in vitro permeation studies, in vivo skin irritation test, in vitro antibacterial activity studies, and accelerated stability studies. Results The prepared gel formulation showed an acceptable zone of inhibition when compared to the pure drug in in vitro antibacterial activity studies. The skin irritation study on albino Wistar rats showed that the prepared gel formulation was compatible. Based on the stability studies, the gel formulation was found to be stable during the study period. Conclusion The optimized formulation of containing neem extract showed better antibacterial activity, and it could be promising one in the topical delivery of neem for treatment of bacterial infections.

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There is increasing scientific evidence and commercial interest for using probiotics for eliminating and handling of specific diseases. Probiotics can be evaluated for its role and performance against isolated pathogens from contaminating sources. The present work reports on invitro antimicrobial activity of commercial selected probiotics against pathogenic microbe Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The work also describes cytotoxic activities using MTT assay and adherence studies of selected probiotics. Results for the studies showed maximum zone of inhibition 13.66±0.46mm in probiotic enteroplus,12.33±0.93mm in lactobacillus (NCIM2056) and 10.66±0.93mm in Avant Bact. Cytotoxicity was expressed as IC50(µg/ml) values, observed on CaCO cell lines for different probiotics. Avant Bact showed a IC50 value of 104.7745, Lactobacillus (NCIM2056) a value of 58.13223 and Enteroplus a value of 50.09716. These values expressed different safety aspects of probiotics used for study. Finally the adherence study was done to check probiotic colonizing capacity. The probiotics showed varied adherence capacity against caco cell lines. Enteroplus has % adhesion of 10.25±0.74, Avant Bact. 7.25±0.82 and Lactobacillus (NCIM2056) 7.5±1.12. In conclusion antimicrobial results show importance of probiotics to be used against specific gastro intestinal diseases. Cytotoxicity determines safety aspects of probiotics and adherence study determines probiotic as a promising candidate for in vivo studies.