Our study focuses on the ground vegetation dynamics and its dependence on microsite conditions in declined climax mountain Norway spruce forests during the recovery period (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006) following upon the considerable decrease of SO 2 pollution. We showed that ground vegetation development shifted from prevailing mosses and vegetation-free sites covered with spruce litter to dominance by Avenella flexuosa during the earlier period of massive decline of the observed ecosystems. The expansion of Vaccinium myrtillus seems to occur mainly under the gradually defoliating tree crowns whereas larger canopy gaps and quickly deforested areas are more successfully colonized by grasses, especially Calamagrostis villosa. The gradual spruce stand decline, as well as the corresponding ground vegetation dynamics, proceeded until the end of the twentieth century. Afterwards, the ground vegetation responded to the interruption of trees dying and stopped its expansion on spruce litter microsites. Retreat of both dominant grasses accompanied by the remarkable increase in cover of mosses occurred.
11Trofické faktory lesních půd vykazují prostorovou i časovou diferenciaci. Jejich odraz ve zdravotním stavu lesních porostů souvisí se synergickým půso-bením stresorů, které existenci lesa ovlivňují. Nejvýznamnější změny ve výživě lesních dřevin byly zaznamenány především v regionech silně zasaže-ných imisní depozicí (PURDON et al. 2004). Krušné hory (338-1 244 m n. m., +5,5 až +2,7 °C, 900 až 1 200 mm) (CULEK 1996) představují region, kde v letech 1970-1977 v důsledku imisních škod došlo k rychlému snížení lesnatosti o 23,9 %. Poslední rozsáhlé přímé poškození lesních porostů SO 2 bylo v Krušných horách pozorováno v roce 1996 na ploše více než 10 000 ha (BRIDGES et al. 2002). Tato situace byla ovlivněna i nepříznivými meteorologickými vlivy, za kterých docházelo k dlouhodobé kumulaci znečištění v hřebenové části hor. Jako poslední období výrazného celorepublikového poškození lesů lze vymezit roky 1991-1994 provázené suchou klimatickou epizodou.Odumírání lesa bylo následováno snahami o jeho rekonstrukci. Náhorní plošina Krušných hor poskytovala ideální podmínky pro aplikaci mechanizované přípravy lesních stanovišť. Při používání bagrů a buldozerů při přípravě stanovišť pro obnovu lesa byla půda skarifikována, byly obnaženy imisemi relativně nezasažené půdní horizonty a byly vytvořeny uniformní reliéfy valů. Prostředí valů umožňovalo i opakovaný rychlý postup zalesnění a aplikaci chemické meliorace (PODRÁZSKÝ et al. 2001 Efekty mechanizované přípravy půdy před zalesněním jsou různé v závislosti na konkrétních stanovištních ekologických faktorech. V celé množině sledovaných půdních vlastností byly prokázány statisticky významné rozdíly při zohlednění aspektu různé techniky mechanizované přípravy FPs i v aspektech různé lokalizace ploch. Jako ovlivnitelné pouze v závislosti na různých stanovištních pomě-rech byly obecně zjištěny měrná hmotnost, kationtová výměnná kapacita (KVK), C ox , N t , NH 4 a Ca 2+ . Jako půdní veličiny striktně ovlivněné mechanizovaným rozpracováním valů byly zjištěny především pórovitost (p), minimální vzdušná kapacita (A min ) a obsah fosforu. Byly zjištěny statisticky významné rozdíly pro hodnoty pH, objemové hmotnosti, retenční vodní kapacity (RVK), maximální kapilární kapacity (MKK) a obsahu humusových látek a Mg 2+ , které mohou být výsledkem diferencovaných dopadů rozpracování valů různými mechanizačními prostředky na různých lokalitách (tab. 5-7).Rozpracováním valů došlo v rámci svrchních půd-ních horizontů k nárůstu KVK. Byl zjištěn růst půdní reakce i růst koncentrací Ca 2+ a Mg 2+ . Mechanizace se výrazně projevila ve vlivu na měrnou hmotnost. V souvislosti s jejími změnami byly na jednotlivých PP změněny i obsahy humusových látek. V závis-losti na jejich hodnotě a na stavu KVK byly zjištěny i změny v toku mineralizovaného N-NH 4 . Obecně nízké hodnoty nesorbovaného N-NH 4 znamenají, že jeho významná část je naopak vázána buď v půd-ní mikrobiální biomase (STAMSEVICH 1972)
The plateau of the Krušné hory Mts. belongs to areas that suffered the greatest damage caused by air-pollution stresses in Europe. A part of cultural practices aimed at the reconstruction of local mountain forests was the inconsiderate use of bulldozer technologies for the preparation of sites for forest stand restoration. In the course of large-scale scarification the top-soil horizons were moved into line windrows, which caused marked degradation of the soil environment. The present revitalization of the soil environment is based on the principle of spreading these man-made windrows. Experimental plots were established in localities affected by scarification; the organomineral material from windrows was superimposed on them and subsequently they were reforested with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). In 2005 the point application of fertilizer tablets of Silvamix type in three treatments and calcic dolomite was performed into the rhizosphere of plants. Before fertilization and after three years of the experiment soil samples were taken from the organomineral zone of the root balls of plants, and the condition of the soil environment on spread windrows and changes in pedochemical properties as a result of applied fertilization were evaluated. Three years after the windrow spreading the content of the majority of soil macrobiogenic elements (N, K, Ca, Mg) is at the level of medium-high to high reserves, and only the low phosphorus reserves pose a certain hazard. The organomineral substrate of spread windrows is a suitable growth environment for the root systems of target tree species. The proportion of humus substances is the most important factor in spread windrows from which the characteristics of the other parameters of soil are derived. Along with the higher proportion of humus substances in Špičák locality significantly higher reserves of major macrobiogenic elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were determined. The applied fertilizers of Silvamix type significantly increased the reserves of soil P, K, Ca, Mg and are a suitable means for the stimulation of spruce plantations in the restored environment of the Krušné hory Mts. Silvamix Forte fertilizer tablets are the most complex fertilizer with the most balanced effects that significantly increases the reserves of soil P, Mg and K. This fertilizer has a high effect on an increase in the reserves of soil phosphorus that may be deficient in conditions of spread windrows. Silvamix R is the most efficient fertilizer to increase potassium reserves. A positive effect of calcic dolomite on an increase in Ca and Mg content was observed while no such effect on the other elements was recorded.
KUČERA ALEŠ, HOLÍK LADISLAV, MAROSZ KAREL, MARTINÍK ANTONÍN, VAVŘÍČEK DUŠAN:Changes in forms of available nitrogen and respiration in soil of beech forest as a reaction to a deforestation resulting from wind storm. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2013, LXI, No. 1, pp. 107-113 The article deals with the reaction of soil environment to a violent deforestation resulting from a wind storm. As a material, permanent inventory plot located in Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny was selected. The plot represents beech high forest, where soil was sampled from four types of sample plots: (1) maternal forest representing situation before the storm; (2) zone of transition from the maternal forest to the open area; (3) reaff orested clearing; (4) natural evolution. From each sample plot type, 6 mixed samples of Ah horizon were analysed to assess N-ammonium (N-NH 4 + ) and N-nitrates (NO 3 − ) content and respiration activity. The results show a signifi cant diff erence between the respiration activities of the particular sample plots, as well as a signifi cant diff erence in the content of N-ammonium and N-nitrate forms, the maternal forest representing a site of the lowest biological (and respiration) activity on the one hand, and, on the other hand, site of high N-ammonium and low N-nitrate content, respectively. From the results, intensive nitrifi cation caused by the deforestation is evident. The results are to be used as a starting level for a long-term observation of reaction of the forest beech ecosystem to deforestation and selected types of forest management.
ABSTRACT:The soil is an irreplaceable component of forest ecosystems. Soil-forming processes directly influence element cycling (EC). Plant-soil interaction is a specific part of EC. Plant-soil interactions were observed on an example of natural spruce stand (NSS), semi-natural spruce stand (SNSS) and allochthonous spruce stand ( We evaluated the soil properties of H-and Ep-horizons at selected sites with Haplic and Skeletic Podzols and they were compared with the nutrient status of spruce. A method of the principal component analysis was used for definition of the basic hypotheses: (1) each forest stand is in specific and topically individual interactions with soil and these interactions influence its state, (2) the influence of forest management reflects in humification and in the nutrient status in plant assimilatory tissues. Cluster analysis calculated results comparable with the multivariate analysis of variance. The results show that the continuity of linear and multivariate statistical methods gives the approach to detection of the forest stage based on soil and plant tissue data.
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